# Agent Instructions
This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com.

## Querying This Documentation
This site has an agentic ask interface you may use to query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.

Perform an HTTP GET request on the following URL with the `ask` and `goal` query parameters:

```
GET https://docs.k9rockettech.com/index.md?ask=<question>&goal=<user_goal>
```

`ask` is the immediate question: it should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
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---

# Canine Defense Technologies Wiki

Everything you need to know about our open source projects and more.

## Introduction

Welcome to the Canine Defense Technologies Wiki, our public knowledge base. To learn more about Canine DefenseTechnologies, click [here](/readme/about-canine-rocket-tech).

{% hint style="success" %}
Click "Wiki Index" below to get started!
{% endhint %}

{% content-ref url="/pages/nNIuUX0yfVGi3YPuG3sG" %}
[Wiki Index](/readme/wiki-index)
{% endcontent-ref %}

*Freedom Isn't Free.*

*1 Peter 3:14*

Special thanks to everyone who's contributed to the wiki! Please head over to [Wiki Contributors & Info.](/readme/wiki-info)


# Wiki Index

{% hint style="success" %}
Click the left drop down tab for a quick page summary. Click on the pages of interest or navigate using the outline on the left or the search bar on the top right.
{% endhint %}

## Introduction

<details>

<summary><a href="/">Home</a></summary>

Homepage and landing page for the wiki

</details>

## Resource Library

<details>

<summary><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication">Manufacturing &#x26; Fabrication</a></summary>

Library of resources and reference about 3D printing, CNC machining, and anything manufacturing or fabrication.

</details>

<details>

<summary><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics">Software &#x26; Electronics</a></summary>

Library of resources about electronics and software.

</details>

<details>

<summary><a href="/testing-and-documentation">Testing &#x26; Documentation</a></summary>

Tools and references for testing and validation along with documentation&#x20;

</details>

<details>

<summary><a href="/research-resources">Research Resources</a></summary>

Library of resources to research various topics for projects. This includes studying basic theory and application.&#x20;

</details>

<details>

<summary><a href="/open-development-platforms">Open Source Bases</a></summary>

List and resources of other open source projects and design architectures we utilize in our projects.&#x20;

</details>

<details>

<summary><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain">Supply Chain</a></summary>

List of suppliers with our personal reviews along with Bills of Material tools.

</details>

## Project Library

<details>

<summary>Rocketry Projects</summary>

[K-9 TVC V8](/rocketry-systems/k-9-tvc-v8)

[K-9 TVC Gen 2](/rocketry-systems/k-9-tvc-gen-2)

[K-9 TVC Mega](/rocketry-systems/k-9-tvc-mega)

[K-9 TVC Hopper](/rocketry-systems/k-9-tvc-hopper)

[Model Rocket Landing Legs](/rocketry-systems/model-rocket-landing-legs)

[WOOF Launch Computer](/rocketry-systems/woof-launch-computer)

[Model Rocket GCS](/rocketry-systems/model-rocket-gcs)

</details>

<details>

<summary>UAV Projects</summary>

[Valor sUAS](/projects/uav-systems/valor-suas)

</details>

<details>

<summary>Secret Projects</summary>

[VALOR2X Ghost Wolf ](https://youtu.be/dQw4w9WgXcQ)

</details>


# About Canine Defense Tech

### "Evolving problems requires open technologies. We will expand the technological capabilities of Americans abroad."

Winning back the American Tech Sector can not be attained through expensive large-scale developments like the past. The move foward must be through the rapid deployment of low-cost, open-source systems. During his middle school years in 2018, David a.k.a “Yukon” founded Canine Rocket Technologies as a project to begin self-learning the basics of advanced model rocketry. The scope of the projects gradually expanded to various defense technologies. Today Canine Defense Technologies is a multi-disciplinary hardware engineering company focused on tactical communication and flight system technologies. Our ever-growing work range from tactical radios, drone technology, rocketry sub-systems, underwater robotics, body armor carriers, and more. We will expand the technological capabilities of Americans abroad through the rapid development and deployment of open source technologies.

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/Q15jxF-dg8w>" %}

### Website

{% embed url="<https://k9rockettech.com/>" %}

### YouTube Channel

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-zGZULEaXRTTgkiC-CAJVQ/featured>" %}

### GitHub

{% embed url="<https://github.com/Canine-Rocket-Technologies>" %}

### Hackaday.io

{% embed url="<https://hackaday.io/caninerockettechnologies>" %}

### Thingiverse

{% embed url="<https://www.thingiverse.com/caninerockettechnologies/designs>" %}

### Printables

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/social/8289-canine-rocket-technologies/models>" %}

{% embed url="<https://twitter.com/caninetechno>" %}


# Our Lab

## Virtual VR Tour

{% embed url="<https://skfb.ly/oCFqT>" %}


# Canine Rocket Tech Organizational Structure

## Data & Content Management Workflow

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FY3YVHFgXQTWbK27kt9SZ%2FK-TECH%20Project%20Managment.png?alt=media&amp;token=0761d31f-7240-4876-bc9f-80eff4a05244" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Rapid Hardware Development Workflow

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F3v8TgiM4v0D0lcFKGUmf%2FK-Tech%20Rapid%20Devloepment%20Workflow.png?alt=media&amp;token=98f7140e-a26b-46f7-9436-30059be1ab0e" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

For&#x20;


# Wiki Contributors & Info

## Contribution Team

|                                                 | Role                                             |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| [Yukon](https://github.com/Yukonus)             | Manager/ Editor in Chief                         |
| [llamaking136](https://github.com/llamaking136) | Contributor/Electronic & Software Article Author |
| [Jcodefox](https://github.com/JCodeFox)         | Contributor/Software & Computer Technologies     |

## Contributors, Shout-outs, & Credits

{% hint style="success" %}
THANK YOU to all the people who've contributed to the wiki! Please check out their work and give them the credit they deserve!
{% endhint %}

| Contributors                                    | Project Links               |
| ----------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- |
| [llamaking136](https://github.com/llamaking136) | <https://llamaking.net/>    |
| [Jcodefox](https://github.com/JCodeFox)         | <https://jcodefox.itch.io/> |
|                                                 |                             |

## License & Credits

For 3rd party content linked or shared on this wiki, all credits go to the respective creators. Linking or sharing of 3rd party content on this wiki is neither an endorsement nor affiliation by Canine Rocket Technologies unless explicitly disclosed accordingly to an individual article of content.

**Wiki License:** [CC BY-NC 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)


# Manufacturing & Fabrication

Learn about tools and how to use them.

{% hint style="info" %}
The BEST tool for you is the one you know best, and the one that fits your workflow and mission. The information here is based on OUR tools and OUR experiences. What's BEST for you is up to your assessment and research.
{% endhint %}

{% hint style="success" %}
None of the products listed is an endorsement, they are simply recommendations or lists from our personal tool collection and experiences.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

### Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th data-hidden data-card-target data-type="content-ref"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication/cnc-machining">CNC Machining</a></td><td><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication/cnc-machining">CNC Machining</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication/laser-cutting">Laser Cutting</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication/3d-printing">3D Printing</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication/composite-layups">Composite Layup</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/manufacturing-and-fabrication/fasteners">Fasteners</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>


# Laser Cutting

Sharks with frickin lasers attached to their head

## Introduction

In our opinion, laser cutting is an underrated manufacturing process. Laser cutters allow precision cutting on two-dimensional surfaces extremely quickly. Unlike CNCs since you are burning your way through, no bits or tooling is needed. If you have experience with a 3D printer of CNC, laser cutters are extremely easy to get started in!

#### When Should I Use a Laser Cutter?

For anything that requires cutting flat materials, laser cutters are the way to go. However, make sure you do your own research on which materials work, and which ones don't. We often utilize laser cutters often in our prototyping stage to make a rapid try in parts. It's faster and cheaper than 3D printing, and it's extremely easy to use.&#x20;

#### Disadvantages of Laser Cutters:

The biggest dealbreaker with the laser cutters in our opinion is managing the toxic fumes and the safety hazard of the laser beam. It only takes a brief accident to go completely blind if used irresponsibly, and this can be intimidating to new users. Not only that, the fumes it produces are typically toxic and require extremely adequate ventilation. Laser cutters also have two big limitations in terms of operations performance. For one, unlike CNC which can practically cut through anything, lasers have limitations on what materials they can cut, and even the color and how transparent the material is. The second limitation is the divergence of the laser beam, on thicker material a sort of cone effect on the cut is obvious from the divergence of the laser as the cut gets further away from the focal point.&#x20;

## Safety

{% hint style="danger" %}
Lasers can **PERMANENTLY BLIND YOU!** Make sure to always wear **certified** laser goggles designed for the **proper spectrum** when operating a laser, and do it in an area where no person or animal can be harmed from ANY stray laser light
{% endhint %}

Lasers are really dangerous to work with. Probably the most dangerous risk the user is under is permanent eye damage or blindness from equipment failure or improper usage. Always wear laser goggles that are **CERTIFIED** by ratings standards such as ANSI Z136.7 (Check out the manufacturers and certifier entities). **NEVER** trust cheap laser goggles, or the ones that come with your device. Certified laser glasses can cost upwards of $100-200. It may be very expensive initially, but the only absolute way to guarantee full protection from permanent eye injury.

Another factor to be well aware of is **toxic fumes** and **fires.** Make sure you have **proper ventilation** (Not a dinky fan, a full on air duct outside with a powerful inline fan) and are well versed on what material you're cutting! Some materials like vinyl will produce acidic smoke that will destroy your machine. Other materials can release things like cyanide gas! Make sure you are aware of the flammability of your material and use the appropriate laser power settings, and have a fire extinguisher nearby. Never operate a laser unattended!&#x20;

## Software

### Laser GRBL

Laser GRBL is a very easy-to-use open-source laser cutter control software. What we like about laser GRBL is how straight to the point the UI is. It's basically setting up the speed and power with basic controls. If your intentions is to do basic laser tasks, Laser GRBL will be more than enough to satisfy your needs.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://lasergrbl.com>" %}

## Laser Cutters And Engravers

{% hint style="danger" %}
A Note on Open Frame Laser Cutters/Engravers: Open Frame laser cutters/engravers are sold at a much lower cost because there is no enclosure. This is VERY dangerous, they should NEVER be used as advertised. A proper enclosure that can protect the user from the harmful laser radiation and exhaust the toxic fumes properly is necessary before use!
{% endhint %}

### Atomstack A5 Laser Engraver

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FGnPiGXvw66GhkrbptyXD%2Fimage_2022-11-15_164839646.png?alt=media&amp;token=6e45b4fc-5d91-403f-ad37-2f7c776bf074" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

We found the atomstack as a good balance between price and performance, however as warned above it is an open frame laser engraver and should be used with extreme caution! The engraver is capable of cutting through thin plywood, fabric, paper, cardboard, and dark acrylic, however it is relatively slow due to the low power output of the diode laser. However, as an engraver, it's more than capable. The price of the machine is tempting, but unless you're well aware of the dangers of open diode lasers, it's frankly incredibly dangerous to use.

{% embed url="<https://www.atom-stack.com/products/atomstck-a5-m30-30w-diy-laser-marking?variant=40833039335562>" %}


# Laser Settings

Atomstack A5

| Material         | Feedrate   | Laser Power | Passes |
| ---------------- | ---------- | ----------- | ------ |
| 1 inch Pink Foam | 450 mm/min | 100%        | 2      |


# 3D Printing

Precision liquid plastic squirters

## Introduction

3D printing is probably our most utilized fabrication method in the lab. 3D printing is an additive manufacturing method that allows us to export models straight out of CAD and have usable end-use prototypes and parts. Most people visiting this wiki are probably already familiar with 3D printing, but we'll provide an overview nonetheless. The basic concept of 3D printing is layer-by-layer manufacturing of parts, whether its physically melting plastic filaments and laying it down precisely layer by layer (FDM or Fused Deposit Molding), or curing liquid resin layer by layer with a UV light source (SLA or Stereolithography). There are other methods such as sintering a polymer or metal powder layer by layer (SLS or Selective Laser Sintering), but that's not something available to consumers at a practical level just yet.&#x20;

#### When Should You Use 3D Printing?

Because of how easy it is to 3D print something, often mistakes made by many makers are 3D printing EVERY part of their project. This can typically compromise both creativity and capabilities for the end product. Remember, there are many other manufacturing methods, and they should all be considered before proceeding with simply printing the part. As an example, we found ourselves printing a lot of flat stencils in the lab, only to realize these stencils could have been laser cut out of waste cardboard at a much cheaper cost and at much faster speeds (A few minutes as opposed to a few seconds). Always look into alternatives before becoming dependent on the 3D printer!

After consideration of the alternatives, the question of when to use 3D printing is simply a question of how many parts you need out of plastic! 3D printing is extremely convenient, hence the ease of falling into the fallacy described in the short essay above. When used effectively, it can be a very powerful tool.&#x20;

#### Disadvantages of 3D Printing

3D printing was supposed to be like the new steam engine, the tech that would kick off the 2nd industrial revolution, but the only factor holding it back from winning that title is speed. Although that's changing as 3D printing technology is only getting faster, it still is a rather slow process. At its current practical form, it remains impractical beyond low-volume productions (Exceptions apply). 3D printing is also very limited in what material can be printed. At the hobbyist level, you are limited to mostly resins or plastics with limited performance in temperature resistance and mechanical properties. Consequently, layer-by-layer manufacturing leads to non-isotropic (In layman's terms, non-consistent mechanical strength throughout all axises) parts. They often tend to crack along the layer lines when under stress, and this needs to be carefully accounted for during the design of the 3D-printed part. Of course, there are exceptions, SLS or MJF printing technology has allowed parts to be a shocking 95% isotropic, but these technologies aren't available at any practical level to the consumer just yet.&#x20;

#### Choosing a 3D printer

3D printers all accomplish the same goal, but the overall options available are extremely broad. In general, sticking to tried and true brands rather than companies selling niche printers with exotic features is a much better bet. But at the end of the day, it comes down to what you're looking for, what applications you're planning on using your machine for, how often you will print, and your budget. Make sure you do your research, and you can consult with people who are more experienced with 3D printers.&#x20;

Here are some great 3D printer reviewers/resources to help with your research!

{% embed url="<https://all3dp.com>" %}

{% embed url="<https://toms3d.org>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.makersmuse.com>" %}

## Safety

{% hint style="danger" %}
Improper setup of 3D printers can lead to fires, exposure to electrical shock, and bodily injury!
{% endhint %}

{% hint style="warning" %}
3D Printing can cause long-term health issues. Make sure you exhaust fumes properly and utilize proper PPE when in contact with resins and composite filaments!
{% endhint %}

#### FDM

FDM 3D printers are a common sighting however, the principle operation of FDM printers involves melting plastic, which in turn requires heating elements and high current power supplies. Both of these parts are the usual culprit of 3D printer fires. Ensure they are set up correctly, check the wiring and look for signs of wear, and make sure the printer is not in an environment where it could overheat. Another health risk to be aware of is fumes emitted during the printing process. It is well-known materials like ABS produce toxic fumes that need to be vented out, but many do not exercise the same amount of caution with more benign materials such as PLA. The fact is, yes PLA isn't inherently toxic nor will produce toxic fumes at the temperature we normally print it, but the color pigments and other additives are. It's highly recommended to flush the air in the room the printers are located. Some studies also suggest long-term respiratory problems from plastic particulates that may be airborne. A  general rule of thumb is, don't put the printer right next to where you work for long periods of time.&#x20;

#### SLA

SLA 3D printing involves the use of toxic resins. These resins can cause skin irritation and future health complications. Make sure you **always use the proper PPE and safety equipment**: Gloves, Respirators, and an air Filtration system. If you have access to a window, you can also vent the fumes outside.&#x20;

## Software

### Prusa Slicer

Prusa Slicer is by far our favorite Slicer Software. Despite its branding, we found Prusa Slicer integrating with other printer ecosystems very effectively. One of the key features that make Prusa Slicer great for new users is the ability to set three different modes: Simple, Advanced, and Expert. This allows users to mask the UI to their comfort level and prevent users from being overwhelmed with long lists of jargon and features. One of our favorite things about Prusa Slicer is the huge library of print settings catered for our Prusa i3 already tested by Prusa.

{% hint style="success" %}
For new users, we would highly recommend Prusa Slicer
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.prusa3d.com/page/prusaslicer_424/>" %}

## Printers

### Prusa i3 mk3S

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2Fbbdo7zgBos5wCKfgSkyL%2F2365.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=ebd02476-5c41-4ad8-8852-3fcef614ace8" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

By far our favorite FDM 3D printer ever created in the Prusa i3 mk3s. It is the closest printer that almost works out of the box with simple, basic maintenance. Prusa Research has done such a good job on documentation that both troubleshooting and print setting tuning is almost too easy. Our Prusa i3 has been an absolute workhorse, with over 11k11 km of filament and 900 days of continuous print operation, and no printer-related issues outside mechanical wear and regular part maintenance. The printer is a little expensive, but cheaper in the long run. Upgrading something like an Ender 3 to print as reliably as the Prusa will require upgrades and tinkering, which will usually break even or surpass the initially higher price of the Prusa i3.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.prusa3d.com/product/original-prusa-i3-mk3s-kit-3/>" %}

### Ender 3

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FqTHX0lv1zOQkW11XG9FO%2F61L4aoIqYOL.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=66e34bd0-7651-4760-bcad-01d2f3c95516" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The Ender 3 is probably the most popular beginner 3D printer due to its low cost. We wouldn't call it a great beginner machine, it takes a lot of tinkering and at the very least a basic understanding of 3D printers to get started with by any practical means. With the price of Creality machines going down, it's a pretty high-value deal for the more than acceptable print quality these machines yield. However, personally based on our own experience, we would recommend the Ender 3 as a low-cost supplementary machine when you're scaling up your print operations rather than a beginner machine.&#x20;

{% hint style="info" %}
For new users, machines like the Prusa Mini are a much better value and easier to get started with, with some sacrifices regarding build volume.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.creality3dofficial.com/products/creality-ender-3-pro-3d-printer>" %}

### Prusa SL1S

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FvU16RRTrM4svTYwpxhT2%2F229%20(1).jpg?alt=media&amp;token=9c979dcb-a054-4798-b9b0-3dabca65e52c" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

This printer is FAST! The SL1S. Is the SL1S the best value compared to other resin printers? A fair assessment would be dependent on what you value, side to side (negating the higher print speed and build quality) the SL1S would offer a small marginal advantage to other printer brands. Resin printers are simple machines, so a budget resin printer will offer you very good print quality just like an expensive one. The SL1S is in some ways a very refined machine that fits into the Prusa ecosystem very well, however, it may not be the best value for most users.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-sl1s-speed/>" %}

## Filament Dryer Box

### Sunlu S1

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F1p3OvEcumBm2s1CVzG88%2Fsunlu.png?alt=media&amp;token=93df7e67-fd8e-4bcb-b2ba-eead568df2ee" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The Sunlu S1 is an affordable filament dryer we use for printing PA and PETG filaments. Aside from the cheap build quality, it's been a reliable system that's kept even very hygroscopic materials like PA-6 in printing condition for very long periods of time. The S1 has been a great tool for drying out moisture-stricken PLA and PETG. However, the 55°C max temperature was insufficient in drying out very moisture-sensitive materials such as PA nylons. In those cases, the S1 was more or less a dry box than a dryer box.&#x20;


# Material Library

{% hint style="info" %}
This is our internal research and developed reference
{% endhint %}

## PLA

<details>

<summary>Stats</summary>

### Polylactic Acid&#x20;

**Print Temp:** 215-260°C (Hotend) 60-80°C (Bed)

**Glass Transition Temperature:** \~65°C

**Density:** 1.24 g/cm^3

**Tensile Strength:** \~37 MPa

**Flexural Modulus:** \~4 GPa

**Elongation:** \~4%

**Hyrdoscopic:** Yes

**Enclosure:** Not Needed

</details>

<details>

<summary>Best Applications</summary>

PLA is the best general purpose material. It's low cost, easy to print, and pretty strong. However PLA isn't necessarily the most durable material for outdoor use due to its low temperature resistance. A hot sunny day could lead to your PLA prints warping outdoors! SOme variants of PLA such as PLA Pro or PLA+ can overcome these warping risks in higher ambient heat, however it still remains a risk. With careful consideration of this however, PLA is still a suitable prototyping material for outdoor testable parts, though likely not suited for final parts.&#x20;

</details>

<table><thead><tr><th>Model</th><th data-type="rating" data-max="5">Our Rating</th><th>Price per KG</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Inland PLA</td><td>3</td><td>$18</td><td>Okay for general use, however tends to be very brittle. Horrible temperature resistance.</td></tr><tr><td>Inland PLA+</td><td>4</td><td>$19</td><td>Best general purpose PLA at an afforable price.</td></tr><tr><td>Inland PLA Tough</td><td>4</td><td>$25</td><td>Stronger than normal PLA and has higher heat resistance, really good material.</td></tr><tr><td>Prusament PLA</td><td>5</td><td>$30</td><td>Best PLA all around, premium feel and beautiful print results, just a little too expensive for general use. </td></tr></tbody></table>

## PETG

<details>

<summary>Stats</summary>

## Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol

**Print Temp:** 215-260°C (Hotend) 60-80°C (Bed)

**Glass Transition Temperature:** \~80°C

**Density:** 1.27 g/cm^3

**Tensile Strength:** \~28 MPa

**Flexural Modulus:** \~2 GPa

**Elongation:** \~25%

**Hyrdoscopic:** Yes

**Enclosure:** Not needed but good to have

</details>

<details>

<summary>Best Application</summary>

Though not as strong as PLA, PETG has superior temperature resistance. It's a great general use material for any part that could be printed in PLA but needs that extra bit of heat resistance. It's flexibility is also something that can be useful, however its challenging to achieve good layer adhesion on PETG, so any high flex appliances will lead to cracking. PETG is also increibly challneing to paint or use adhesives on. Most paints will stick, and strong adhesives like epoxy will work, but in our experience both fail quite easily overtime on PETG.&#x20;

</details>

<table><thead><tr><th>Model</th><th data-type="rating" data-max="5">Our Rating</th><th>Price per KG</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Inland PETG</td><td>4</td><td>$19</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Overture PETG</td><td>4</td><td>$25</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## ASA

{% hint style="danger" %}
Produces Toxic Fumes when printing! Make sure to ventilate!
{% endhint %}

<details>

<summary>Stats</summary>

## Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate&#x20;

**Print Temp:** 220-250°C (Hotend) 90-100°C (Bed)

**Glass Transition Temperature:** \~100°C

**Density:** 1.07 g/cm^3

**Tensile Strength:** \~30 MPa

**Flexural Modulus:** \~2 GPa

**Elongation:** \~5%

**Hyrdoscopic:** Yes

**Enclosure:** Needed

</details>

<details>

<summary>Best Applications</summary>

Contrary to popular belief, ASA isn't the king of strong 3D prints, as we can see from it's rather poor tensile strength, it's a rather brittle material. However its primary advantage is at heat and weather resistance, making it a rather durable material for outdoor applications that won't require very high loads. Keep in mind it's not the easiest material to work with due to it's likeliness to warp and toxic fumes produced during printing.

</details>

<table><thead><tr><th>Model</th><th data-type="rating" data-max="5">Our Rating</th><th>Price per KG</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Inland ASA</td><td>3</td><td>25</td><td>Cheap ASA good for general high temp parts, though not the best finish.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## PA (Nylon)

<details>

<summary>Stats</summary>

## Nylon&#x20;

**Print Temp:** 250-300°C (Hotend) 90-100°C (Bed)

**Glass Transition Temperature:** \~70-80°C

**Density:** 1.15 g/cm^3 (May vary for fiber reinforced)

**Tensile Strength:** \~76 MPa (\~150 Mpa for fiber reinforced)

**Flexural Modulus:** \~110 GPa

**Elongation:** \~90%

**Hyrdoscopic:** Yes

**Enclosure:** Needed

</details>

<details>

<summary>Best Applications</summary>

Nylon isn't an easy material to work with and can be very expensive, but it yields amazing qualities in terms of strength and overall performance. It yields incredibly durable parts. However it's flexibility may limit its usable applications. There are many Glass Fiber and Carbon Fiber reinforced Nylons that can yield very stiff parts while retaining many of the great qualities of nylon. As stated earlier, it is a very expensive material to work with, hence why we reserve it for final parts rather than prototyping.

</details>

<table><thead><tr><th>Model</th><th data-type="rating" data-max="5">Our Rating</th><th>Price per KG</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Polymaker Polymide PA12-CF</td><td>4</td><td>$140</td><td>Best Carbon Fiber reinforced nylon for humid applications, absolutely durable prints, but very expensive.</td></tr><tr><td>Polymaker Polymide PA6-CF</td><td>5</td><td>$70</td><td>Best Carbon Fiber reinforced nylon overall in terms of price and performance. Being PA-6, it will absorb more moisture. Has better mechanical properties than PA-12.</td></tr><tr><td>Qidi Tech PA12-CF</td><td>5</td><td>$100</td><td>Very close to Polymaker PA-12-CF but cheaper. Seems to be slighty weaker but yields very clean prints.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Cleaning Filament

<details>

<summary>Best Application</summary>

Cleaning filament helps to capture any debris captured inside the hotend and clean/purge out the old material. Regular use of cleaning filament will not only ensure the longetivity of your hot end, but prevent clogs, and even in some circumstances help unclog small obstructions. It's a great addition to your 3D printing maintenance toolbox. Where cleaning filament really shines is with materials with additives such as composite filaments. We regularly purge our hotends with cleaning filament every so often when using composite filaments to prevent a jam.&#x20;

</details>

<table><thead><tr><th>Model</th><th data-type="rating" data-max="5">Our Rating</th><th>Price per KG</th><th>Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>eSUN Cleaning Filament</td><td>5</td><td>$120 (sold for $12 for 100 grams)</td><td>This cleaning filament has expanding propertise, so it really catches every bit of small foriegn debris trapped. We really like this cleaning filament.</td></tr></tbody></table>


# Print Settings

## PA (6 or 12) CF

**Printer:** Prusa i3 mk3S

**Materials:** Polymaker PA-12 CF, Polymaker PA-6, QIDI PA-12 CF

{% hint style="success" %}
Drying the filament before use for PA nylon is critical for print success! Don't forget to dry the filament before use, and use a dry box when printing.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

| Setting                          | Values  | Notes                                                                                           |
| -------------------------------- | ------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Nozzle Temp                      | 290C    | Go 300 if your printer can                                                                      |
| Bed                              | 45C     | Use glue or other bed surface adhesives. Don't go above 45C to prevent warping from heat creep! |
| Cooling                          | Off     |                                                                                                 |
| Retraction Length                | 2.5 mm  |                                                                                                 |
| Lift Z                           | 1 mm    |                                                                                                 |
| Retraction Speed                 | 35 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Perimeter Speed                  | 50 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Small Perimeter Speed            | 30 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| External Perimeter Speed         | 35 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Infill Speed                     | 85 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Solid Infill Speed               | 80 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Top Solid Infill Speed           | 40 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Support Material Speed           | 45 mm/s |                                                                                                 |
| Support Material Interface Speed | 80%     |                                                                                                 |
| Bridging Speed                   | 25 mm/s | Play around with this value a little. Bridging performance havily differs by brand!             |
| Gap Fill Speed                   | 40 mm/s |                                                                                                 |


# 3D Printing Tolerance Guide

{% hint style="info" %}
This is our internally researched and developed reference
{% endhint %}

### FDM

| Interface Medium | Tight | Loose |
| ---------------- | ----- | ----- |
| Enclosure        | 0.5   | 0.75  |
| Axle/Joint       | 0.25  | 0.5   |

### SLA

| Interface Medium | Tight | Loose |
| ---------------- | ----- | ----- |
| Enclosure        | 0.25  | 0.5   |
| Axle/Joint       | 0.25  | 0.45  |


# Resin Tank Drainer

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FC4VNnhtKVg0VH0LUFJQI%2Fimage_2023-07-14_184044474.png?alt=media&amp;token=ecc995dc-a45c-4651-8ebd-15ad13124f01" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/model/435267-prusa-sl1s-tank-drainer>" %}


# Composite Layups

## Introduction

Composite Layups are a great way to make extremely strong yet lightweight parts. The basic concept is binding high tensile strength woven fibers with high compressive strength epoxy resins to form extremely stiff, lightweight, and strong parts. Learning composite layups give you a lot of unexplored capabilities compared to all the other fabrications methods discussed previously. Composite projects are complicated (more or less a combination of craftsmanship, art, and science) but with sufficient research and a good understanding of the process, it should not be too hard for more experienced makers to get into.&#x20;

#### When Should I Go With Fabricating Composite Parts?

Composites shine where your mass budget is very low, yet you need high strength parts. In layman's term, it's great for projects where you want the part to be light but strong. This is why composites are so heavily used in aerospace applications. Although composite material itself is often cheaper than many other materials, the manufacturing process is very time and labor consuming. Nearly all composite structures ranging from your small model rocket parts to full sized aircraft airframes requires intensive human labor (Minus some modern automation exceptions). This means the yielding part is generally very costly to manufacture.&#x20;

Composites are also limited in application by temperature and durability. Although its strength may frequently exceed metal, it can neither be used near very high temperature components such as near engines (Minus exceptions where very advanced composites are produced, but this isn't available to you unless you work at Skunk Works), nor have the same level of durability as metal. Often in advertisement you will see the cliché statements such as “10 times stronger than steel” for composite parts. Although technically true, it practically is not a really valid statement. Composite and metals are totally different materials with totally different properties. Composites can only substitute metal parts when loading, temperature, and application are all carefully considered and applied.&#x20;

The final factor we will mention is the direction of applied forces on the part. Obviously this applies to any mechanical component designed, but even more so for composites. The principles of composites rely on the tensile strength of the fibers with the compressive strength of the epoxy resin. Because fibers are regularly joined in the form of woven fibers, composite structures are incredibly strong when the fibers are running in the direction of the applied load, but incredibly weak when running perpendicular to the applied load (Think of it like 3D printer layer lines). Parts typically need to be designed with this in mind.

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FyhXStIgwXklklIL42O7V%2Fimage_2022-11-16_170138419.png?alt=media&amp;token=dba844ed-fa6c-4299-8e5f-9481795d1445" alt=""><figcaption><p>Source: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/i-Effect-of-fibre-orientation-on-the-tensile-strength-of-E-glass-fibre-reinforced-epoxy_fig3_344263514">https://www.researchgate.net/figure/i-Effect-of-fibre-orientation-on-the-tensile-strength-of-E-glass-fibre-reinforced-epoxy_fig3_344263514</a></p></figcaption></figure>

Deciding whether to utilize composites in your project is an equation of factoring in all the variables mentioned, along with manufacturing time and infrastructure. Objectively carbon fiber is actually relatively cheap, but the tooling infrastructure, time, skills, and complicated design required with larger scale composite parts is where the cost starts to add up exponentially. This is why often times in the enterprise space, composites are exclusively used only when the mass savings of composites is overall beneficial enough to justify the long expensive process (Or for the sake of making something luxurious and expensive just because)

## Safety

{% hint style="danger" %}
Ensure you use proper PPE and responsibly operate in manageable environments! Composites can cause cancer and respiratory illness if handled improperly!
{% endhint %}

#### Respiratory

&#x20;Recent studies have suggested that dust particles from Carbon Fiber and other composites can cause very similar effects as Asbestos. In short, you really do not want to breathe any of the fibers or dust in, they can lead to serious respiratory issues (And lung cancer). Not only are loose fibers and composite dust of concern, but epoxy fumes can also cause lung irritation and brain damage. Always wear a respirator when working with composites and do it in a well-ventilated area (Preferably outdoors where the dust particulates can be diluted into the environment naturally)

#### Skin Contact

Composite fibers and dust can irritate the skin. Although less serious than lung damage, it is extremely irritating with the effect lasting for very long times (We had incidents where we had itchy skin for over a week, it's not fun, trust us!). Always wear disposable gloves when handling composites, and wear a full-body Tyvek coveralls during layup jobs!

## Easy Composites Video Series

Easy Composites is well known for their excellent composite layup videos! What's really awesome is how they cover techniques utilized in enterprise settings down to more hobbyist scale projects. If you're interested in getting into composites or would like to simply learn the basics, we highly recommend you to check out the playlist below.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-DQ6gqgQvCnKW5CBRJB0UsKNIuKO9xLb>" %}
(Source: Easy Composites YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

## Composite Layup Record

The CLR is our universal documentation sheet to keep track of all the parameters of your composite layup. It allows your job to be recorded to be replicated in the future, or troubleshoot issues that may arise.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vflaiViq9LIDnayfiXA2to1ytlysW8m4rNeX7GJBGrY/edit?usp=sharing>" %}

{% file src="/files/QJpEhJsh6YmgLQyYvhUi" %}

{% embed url="<https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FtgkrS9qXj5zQZGSjRwhp%2FComposite%20Layup%20Record%20(CLR)v1.1.pdf?alt=media&token=0149b6d1-50f3-4c98-ab1f-2e162980a13c>" %}


# Fasteners

## Introduction

Standardizing all your fasteners is the best way to make an easy and efficient R\&D workflow. In our case, we primarily use M3-0.5 machine screws, the best balance between size and strength for the relatively small scale parts we build.&#x20;

## Standardizing Fasteners

There are many fasteners sizes around, and choosing a single one to standardize all your general applications to can be challenging. The most sure way in finding this is using various fasteners variations in your shop and taking note on the most useful ones. But this is a rather expensive and wasteful approach. The more analytical approach is as followed: first decide between metric or imperial screws. For those in the U.S., the benefit of imperial screws is its accessibility in various hardware stores. Depending on the scale and type of project, either metric or imperial would fit in better. Once that is decided upon, try the various sizes available for the scale of your projects. A good way to cross-reference is to look at what screws other people use for a project of similar scale to yours. Finally, look into the average load rating for each screw sizes. There will be a point where both the size of screw and its acceptable load limits are within the scope and scale of your projects. Even after this, remember, there are still varying factors that could heavily influence your fastener standardization process:

* Local availability
* Bulk costs
* Available materials
* Available head types
* Varying project standards

### Machine Screw Head Type Guide

| Head Type   | Application                                                                |
| ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Socket Head | Recessed Cylindrical Sockets, Access panels, Load-bearing joints           |
| Button Head | general purpose, lower profile exterior components, tamper resistant parts |
| Flat Head   | Zero surface profile parts, total recessed panels, tamper resistant parts  |

### Machine Screw Material Guide

| Material            | Application       | Use for                                                                      | Max Torque |
| ------------------- | ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------- |
| 304 Stainless Steel | Final part        | Load bearing components, outdoor element exposed projects, etc.              | 25 ft-lb   |
| Grade 2 Titanium    | Final Part        | Lightweight Structures, High Strength applications, etc.                     | 20 ft-lb   |
| Black Oxide Steel   | Prototype/tooling | Cheap and fast proof of concepts and prototypes, tooling, jigs and fixtures. | 25 ft-lb   |


# CNC Machining

CNC go brrrrrrrrrrrrrr

## Introduction

Computer Numerical Control Machining or CNC is a method of automated machining through computer-controlled tools (from the acronym, go figure). CNC machining is what we call Subtractive Manufacturing, where parts are cut out of larger blocks of material. This is fundamentally a wasteful and time-consuming process hence the high costs, however, it yields some of the strongest most optimized parts. The removal of material as opposed to the addition of material often allows unmatched strengths, since from the beginning the mass of material is in a uniform and stable state.&#x20;

#### When Should I Use CNC Machining?

Though CNC machining is neither the most efficient nor elegant manufacturing process, it typically yields extremely strong, consistent parts compared to other novel manufacturing processes such as 3D printing. We regularly try to avoid CNC machining due to the time and cost, but when part reliability and strength are critical to the overall goal, it's often the best manufacturing method to go with.

#### Disadvantaged of CNC Machining

Typically, budgetary and time constraints along with part geometry will be the determining factor whether CNC machining a part is feasible and practice. Much like how some part geometries simply must be designed in certain ways to be 3D printed, the same applies to CNC machined parts but with perhaps arguably even greater restrictions. Designing a part to be CNCed will involve the careful consideration of the necessary tool changes, tool paths, and tolerances the machine is capable of handling. As limiting as this may sound, applying this knowledge can only be learned through experience or by consulting with an experienced machinist.

## Safety

{% hint style="danger" %}
CNC machines can be dangerous to operate! The fast-spinning tools and powerful motors can easily cause serious injury!
{% endhint %}

CNC machines are dangerous tools that should be used carefully. Sharp tools spinning at very fast speeds along with very powerful axis motors is a recipe for fingers flying off your pretty hands. Make sure to seek the help of more experienced CNC operators before you proceed, or practice on smaller machines. This doesn't mean small desktop CNCs are safe, keep your fingers away from moving tools, and don't go beyond your comfort zone!

Dust control is very important when operating a CNC machine. CNC machines produce very fine dust and chips, which can be very harmful to breathe in. Dust from conductive materials such as carbon fiber and metals can also damage electronics. Make sure you have a vacuum and respirator handy or install a dust extraction system.&#x20;

## Software

### Fusion 360 CAM

Fusion 360 has an advanced integrated CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) suite, offering a smooth transition from CAD design to machining operations. Below is a video for some of the more relevant operations home CNC users may come across.

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/Y-OU0yaD62w>" %}

For more information on Fusion 360, check out our documentation in the page below.

{% content-ref url="/pages/atraOGQptzkcrjH44MFZ" %}
[Computern Aided Design](/design-and-simulation/computern-aided-design)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### Easel

Easel is a browser-based CAM software primarily for 2D CNC operations and mild 3D contour machining. It is by far the easiest CAM software to get started in, the UI is clean and simple, and the steps are extremely straightforward. The only downside is that it offers only a 30-day free trial. However, we encourage new users to utilize this 30-day free trial to learn the basics of CNC machining before trying out other CAM programs!

{% embed url="<https://www.inventables.com/technologies/easel?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjbyYBhCdARIsAArC6LKBckNtPNAA2Rju6uLLpk-So2dTgDe2KX-cYUSVCpLpdrkdaCKRelIaAqGDEALw_wcB&hsa_acc=9351576373&hsa_ad=389840157049&hsa_cam=6933589656&hsa_grp=81345099578&hsa_kw=+easel++cnc&hsa_mt=b&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-341155006304&hsa_ver=3&utm_campaign=inventables_brand-software_company-size&utm_medium=ppc&utm_source=adwords&utm_term=+easel++cnc>" %}

### Estlcam

Estlcam is a completely free open-source CAM software specifically for milling operations. We have had a relatively good experience as new users with Estlcam, it is by far the closest CAM software to Easel. However, unlike Easel, it is not browser-based, it's completely free, and its UI is a little messier. We think Estlcam is a good CAM suite for intermediate CNC users like ourselves.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.estlcam.de/>" %}

### Open Builds CONTROL

Open Builds Control is another great open-sourced CNC milling CAM suite we have used before. The greatest advantage of Open Builds Control is probably the larger community support for both the hardware and software. This software was community-developed to complement a variety of open-sourced CNC machines. Open Builds Control has by far the cleanest UI for a free CAM software, but learning the software will take some time due to its many parameters.

{% embed url="<https://software.openbuilds.com/>" %}

### Candle (GRBL Controller)

Candle is a fully open-source CNC-controller application based on GRBL control. We mainly use Candle to run our Genmitsu 4040 PRO CNC. Candle is a relatively basic machine controller that can easily import any G-Code operations to run. We really like the simple to-the-point UI and feature sets. However the lack of features can be a limiting for more complex projects, and most of the machine settings have to be set during the G-code generation process.&#x20;

{% hint style="warning" %}
Candle is not a Gcode generator, it is only a machine control interface.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://github.com/Denvi/Candle>" %}

## Hardware

### "Janky" Ender 3 CNC Conversion

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2Fd4bZDnhCWQ7xyBbr0zxr%2F20220312_205214.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=c62df508-d9c2-4711-b2f9-dbca36bff8d7" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

You heard us right, our primary CNC machine is nicknamed "Janky", it's an Ender 3 converted to a CNC machine. We found this to be a cheap, low-cost way to get started in CNC machining and engraving for new users who enjoy tinkering. Note that the limitations of belts along with the low stiffness of the ender 3 frame make is a less than suboptimal CNC platform. However, it works very well on wood, carbon fiber, and even aluminum with slow settings.&#x20;

Special thanks to [Ben ](https://www.thingiverse.com/thinngimaker)[Briesemeister](https://www.thingiverse.com/thinngimaker)[ ](https://www.thingiverse.com/thinngimaker)for writing a great guide about converting an Ender 3 to a CNC on his Thingiverse page (download the PDF guide).

{% embed url="<https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4845518>" %}

### Genmitsu 4040-PRO

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FEWzuZDgL4fjf58URGHns%2F61UuAcMlcsL.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=415167ff-af0d-408e-b0af-282ac0e9b16c" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The Sain Smart Genmitsu 4040-Pro is an excellent CNC platform for general desktop use. Setup takes only around 15-20 min, and most of the tolerance critical axis assemblies are already pre-assembled. Overall it's a pretty basic CNC with an extremely solid frame. A nice touch is all the IO ports pre-built in for upgrades such as a laser with air assist, spindle upgrade, etc. The absolutely solid frame is even strong enough to support an entire router. The 4040 PRO is definitely an excellent machine for its value.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.sainsmart.com/products/genmitsu-4040-pro-semi-assembly-desktop-cnc-machine-for-carving-and-cutting?variant=40277984215119&currency=USD&utm_source=google&utm_medium=ppc&utm_campaign=shopping&utm_content=product&gad=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw756lBhDMARIsAEI0AgmWfDnZGzTW19y3aeYXmDIy6UmehyH_XtNCmC0Vct6BDyopgKPZ4JQaAtCzEALw_wcB>" %}


# 4040 Pro Dust Boot

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FGUAUcOcMSxqq9mt6f7MS%2F20230714_213141.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=e92ff1e1-1652-4bf8-a7f2-bf421e192b7c" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Parts List

| Part                        | Quantity   | Notes                                                      |
| --------------------------- | ---------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| M3x10 Flat Head             | 9x         |                                                            |
| M3x18 Button Head           | 4x         |                                                            |
| M3 Washer                   | 4x         |                                                            |
| M3 Nut                      | 4x         |                                                            |
| M3x3 brass threaded inserts | 9x         |                                                            |
| Brush Strip                 | 1x         | Find on amazon, search "Brush strip".                      |
| Shop-vac & Brush Mount      | 1x         | 3D print in preferably a tough material (PA-6, ASA, etc.)  |
| Plexiglass Boot Frame       | 1x (or 2x) | CNC mill out of two 3mm plexiglass, or onr 6mm plexiglass. |

## Files

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/model/527583-4040-pro-cnc-69mm-router-dust-boot>" %}

## Assembly Instruction

### Step 1

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FY8IrbkxnFVDCDAMvPp8W%2F20230714_142521.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=8296aea2-3cc9-400e-b3ef-81dd8d0e9e37" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Remove supports on the 3D-printed vacuum brush mount.

###

### Step 2

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FplZbOy4TUU1A4GM8IpRP%2F20230714_142626.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=56a31b07-19d3-4cd6-8137-7ca383a3e4ac" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Add the nine M3x3 brass threaded inserts into the holes on the top of the 3D printed part.

###

### Step 3

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FAqhOyxMWS7xE2PJGNJTO%2F20230714_162040.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=f4ec9ba7-cd0a-440e-a52c-be201ae71f9a" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

CNC mill the plexiglass frame panels from the DXF file. Use either a single 6mm plexiglass sheet, or two 3mm sheets.

###

### Step 4

<div><figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2Fn1TAkdq9f5zytjcmrJxA%2F20230714_165807.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=56a1cd82-f7f5-4871-ac89-a0709504fb5d" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F5hDObnTvRjPfgVMeREoQ%2F20230714_165814.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=e222b048-4d92-46c4-993c-8ec3d09f4572" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div>

A bezel needs to be cut out on the acrylic sheet part to allow the flat head screw to remain flush with the top panel. Only cut this recess to the 9 surrounding holes, not the 4 mounting holes in the back. If two 3mm sheets were cut out, make sure to only do this process on one of the two panels. We used a deburring bit on a press drill to ensure a consistent cut:

<div><figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FbBvCfmJDOmLjqeV2zE3J%2F20230714_164846.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=eadd5a74-2adc-47bd-b93c-511e061ea0b5" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FzCif2ng35FDbElaRzYsD%2F20230714_165817.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=989620bc-93f6-46cd-abdb-b8334841b13c" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div>

###

### Step 5

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FdC2mlVytomSWsMJ4KFYJ%2F20230714_165840.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=c60cf26f-9ae0-4f0e-9fdc-9022dec5a703" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

line up and Insert the plexiglass frame on top of the 3D-printed shroud. If you used two 3mm sheets, make a tandem stack ensuring the bezel cut sheet is on top.&#x20;

###

### Step 6

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FfS3oq9Ug4Rd5FMSi32Tb%2F20230714_170122.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=5694e949-3dcc-4d3d-81a5-148473a7d043" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Screw in all nine M3x10 flat head screws around the shroud brass threaded inserts.

###

### Step 7

<div><figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FNNhLpwH85mbI44Gj0nxT%2F20230714_170526.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=3fccc04f-b886-4b44-8901-7049ad3fbdd1" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FBQQC58uxSeP1XQJaD8EA%2F20230714_170544.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=4770a92e-fcab-4f09-b301-bdf7bf58fb0a" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div>

Insert the brush strip into the channel on the bottom of the 3D-printed parts. Make sure to use an adhesive of choice incrementally as you take your time to evenly squeeze in the brush strip. In our case, we used hot glue.&#x20;

###

### Step 8

<div><figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FzpqpPxZ8iYsCgEy0UUbH%2F20230714_195016.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=a914cbda-45d8-42fc-9997-26567799f28a" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FWwxCi1NP2yTGvVrhELga%2F20230714_171743.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=bf868542-1bda-4d12-a2d1-396ca06832b2" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FVRciGFM5TLm0LQET5CNU%2F20230714_184323.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=5343efe9-e8aa-49bf-8674-1939257baa51" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div>

Now align the boot against the CNC mill to check the brush length. If the brush is spreading outward, it is too long and will require trimming.

{% hint style="warning" %}
Trim incrementally! If it's too long you can always trim it. If you cut it too short, the boot will not be effective at extracting dust.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

###

### Step 9

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FqPm7gQbbnr5NmfHFAqSr%2F20230714_195321.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=74f9de1c-b05f-486c-a124-b7753d041b16" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Insert the four M3x18mm button head cap screws with the M3 washers on the four holes at the base of the Z-axis carriage.

###

### Step 10

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FBsAnxM95wOzMUSFEESvH%2F20230714_211907.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=f35c2b6a-ee9d-4977-aa8d-f41c9df1cf79" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Align the dust boot's four holes with the four screws, and gently tighten on the M3 nuts. There may be some play with the boot, ensure the router can lower into the boot without interference.

### Step 11

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FGtKuYQFcoWHOS6ev1SqW%2F20230714_213047.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=6c3da985-ac07-478c-891b-45e8b476d3a5" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The build is complete, you can now attach the shop-vac to the vacuum connector. Make sure to check for any possible interferences before operating the CNC & dust boot.&#x20;


# CNC Settings

1/8 Single Flute

| Material              | Feedrate    | Plungerate | Router Speed |
| --------------------- | ----------- | ---------- | ------------ |
| Aluminum              | 500 mm/sec  | 400 mm/sec | 1            |
| Acrylic               | 1200 mm/sec | 700 mm/sec | 3            |
| CF (1.5-2mm end mill) | 300 mm/sec  | 100 mm/sec | 1            |


# Software & Electronics

Learn about software tools and electronics.

{% hint style="success" %}
None of the products listed is an endorsement, they are simply recommendations or lists from our personal tool collection and experiences.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

## Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/electronics-basics">Electronics Basics</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/microcontrollers">Microcontrollers</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/single-board-computers">SBCs</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/pcbs">PCBs</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/pinouts-book">Pinouts Book</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/diy-lithium-batteries">DIY Lithium Batt</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/software-dev">Software Dev</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/resource-library/software-and-electronics/graphic-design-and-video-production">Graphic Design &#x26; Video Production</a></td></tr></tbody></table>


# Electronics Basics

## Introduction

Electronics is what brings many projects alive, quite literally. Since this is such a diverse area, we will break it down into the context of tools and skills relevant to common small projects the majority of makers will encounter. Yes, high amperage vehicle power systems, high voltage AC, and microcontrollers, we've done it all but. Remember, messing with electronics can be dangerous, start small and do your research.

#### Where Do I Learn Electronics?

Electronics is probably the broadest category here. Where you learn is really dependent on what type of projects you're interested in. But in the end, nowadays, the internet is probably the primary source for learning anything about electronics, perhaps with even more information than what could be sourced from an electrical engineering degree. Overall, these are the different fields of electronics:

* Digital Electronics
* Analog electronics
* Microelectronics
* Circuit design
* Integrated circuits
* Power Electronics
* Optoelectronics
* Semiconductor devices
* Embedded systems
* Audio electronics
* Telecommunications
* Nanoelectronics
* Bioelectronics

*(If you would like to read the full list, check out the source:* [*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline\_of\_electronics*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_electronics)*)*

As you can see, it's quite overwhelming. But in the grand scheme of things, all of them follow the same basic principles, principles that can be learned with many inexpensive kits and free videos online. After learning this, it's a matter of finding what category you want to focus on and become proficient in.&#x20;

Both this wiki, and the projects we work on internally, will for the most part focus on Embedded Systems; the act of taking designed microelectronic, integrated circuits, and breakout components and integrating them together. Unless you're willing to invest the majority of your time into one or more of the fields listed above, the majority of hobbyists probably won't go beyond this either. If you wanted to learn about embedded systems, there are thankfully many great open-source ecosystems with massive communities. These ecosystems are examples like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, etc. All these ecosystems compromise a primary control board, or essentially the brain, and a variety of components that can communicate with it. There are literally thousands of great resources available online, and many great kits. In the end, it boils down to you pinpointing what you want to do, and putting in the time to research it.&#x20;

## Safety

{% hint style="danger" %}
Know your limits, and do not go beyond that with electronics!
{% endhint %}

#### Heat & Fire

You're probably going to handle soldering irons and heat guns as you get into electronics. Both are tools capable of starting a fire and should be handled cautiously. One of the big mistakes witnessed around these tools is how they're placed on plastic or woodwork surfaces. The best protective measure to take is always to use these tools only above a silicone or otherwise fireproof work surface. Another precaution to take is always to unplug the device when not in use (Unless you have a fancy soldering station with a nice switch).&#x20;

#### Electrical Shocks

In small electronics, small shocks are not a very big problem. However, as projects get bigger, high-voltage capacitors, power supplies, and components can literally KILL you. Make sure you do your research, and never push yourself beyond your comfort zone. One of the best ways to get into high-voltage electronics is to take guidance from someone who is already experienced. Dealing with High Voltage or High Current devices can kill or injure you. Ensure you seek guidance from a qualified individual and utilize proper safety equipment and measures!

#### Toxic Fumes

Contrary to popular belief, solder fumes are not lead fumes. They are, however, chemical fumes from the infused flux and other additives that are VERY bad for you. This means lead-free solder is just as hazardous as lead-filled solder, and some argue more. Venting out the fumes or running it through an air filtration system **designed to filter out solder fumes** (NOT air purifiers or uncertified knockoffs) is a MUST to prevent respiratory damage and cancer.&#x20;

#### Lead Poisoning

Solder contains lead, and we all know what happened to people during the days of lead pipes 🙃! Often around electronic solder workstations, you will notice a lot of lead particulates that splash off your workpiece building up on surfaces around you. We recommend having something such as a shop vacuum to clean up these particulates frequently. Do not have food or drinks near your electronic workstations (I'm talking about you EEs who drink coffee while soldering) and wash your hands thoroughly after handling electronics and soldering. &#x20;

## Soldering Tools

{% hint style="warning" %}
**The general rule of thumb:** Don't cheap out on soldering tools, many of the cheaper options out on the market are fire hazards
{% endhint %}

### Hakko FX888D Soldering Station

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2Fcxv7rS57sCSvUtz337Mj%2Fdsc04526_edit.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=97137d34-ab47-4765-8085-56f8dc60b4df" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The Hakko FX888D soldering station is the best soldering iron we have ever used. It may be a little more expensive than many options out on the market, but it's worth it! We highly recommend the Hakko soldering station to both new and experienced users alike. We really don't recommend cheaper soldering stations.

{% embed url="<https://hakkousa.com/fx-888d-digital-soldering-station.html>" %}


# Microcontrollers

## Introduction

Microcontrollers are small but powerful computers for many purposes, one of which is powering our projects. They are compressed into Integrated Circuit (IC) packages, so it is easier to design a small project. What is neat about them is that they are a functioning computer in one package. A processor, RAM, and flash memory are all compressed into one chip. All that's needed is power, some code, and a clock. So, in theory, it can do a lot of things.

Many microcontrollers from different brands feature different specifications, sizes, and even different communication methods. It can be very hard to choose one for a project sometimes, so don't be overwhelmed while searching for a microcontroller. There are many popular choices to choose from for different needs. Below are some good starting points to use for those still searching.

## Arduino

The Arduino ecosystem is undoubtedly one of the easiest introductions into the world of microcontrollers. They are very simple machines but they can do many things given the code, tools, and expertise. Arduino-based microcontrollers were designed to be easy to use. And paired with the helpful and thoughtful Arduino community, it is very possible to do almost any task on Arduino microcontrollers.

There are many places online to purchase kits that come with an Arduino microcontroller and even some cool things to plug into it. Things like LEDs, buzzers, sensors, buttons, you name it, are in a kit. Good kits on Amazon can go for under $100 USD, and are a great place to start for beginners.

Here is a great link from the creators of Arduino on how and why Arduino works the way it does.

{% embed url="<https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/starting-guide/whats-arduino>" %}

Here is also a video from GreatScott!, a popular and very helpful YouTuber that specializes in electronics.

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/BtLwoNJ6klE>" %}
(Source: GreatScott! @ YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

And if you're really considering it, here is a page on how you can program your own Arduino.

{% content-ref url="/pages/7GciJ5g6PogLcC4F6txm" %}
[Software Development Tools](/resource-library/software-and-electronics/software-dev)
{% endcontent-ref %}


# Single Board Computers

## Introduction

Unlike microcontrollers, single-board computers (SBC) are basically miniaturized fully equipped computers much like what's inside a desktop computer or laptop. Both SBCs and microcontrollers can carry out similar tasks, but the biggest defining factor is that microcontrollers run a software loop while SBCs run a full-blown Operating System (OS). This allows SBCs to do far more complex operations such as real-time image processing, machine learning, etc.&#x20;

There are many examples of where SBCs and microcontrollers are used together. For example, many drones often operate the main autopilot on a microcontroller with a carrier SBC to process additional information. Often times microcontrollers are cheaper, more robust, and more reliable due to their simplicity, whereas SBCs can be more expensive, somewhat less reliable, and far more complicated to operate. It's important to pinpoint what the computer's task will be in your project and choose accordingly.&#x20;

## Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi ecosystem is the most popular SBC. Raspberry Pi has a huge online community with millions of users worldwide, so it is much more easier to get started with for new users.

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/eZ74x6dVYes>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.raspberrypi.com/>" %}

### Getting Started

Raspberry Pi's were designed to teach beginners more about computers, so the ecosystem is very well established and backed by huge amounts of community support. In our experience starting from the simple boot of Raspberian OS is the best starting point. Raspberian OS has so many build in educational projects where new users can get more familiar with SBC projects. Be sure to also check out the documentation page where there's a free beginners' guide.

{% embed url="<https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/>" %}

## Nvidia Jetson

The NVIDIA Jetson is an enterprise-level SBC designed for autonomy and AI. It's the favored option due to its legacy for drone and robotics operations. The Jetson platform integrates very well with image processing&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/autonomous-machines/embedded-systems/>" %}

{% embed url="<https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/develop/software>" %}

## Raspberry Pi Alternatives

Due to the chip shortage and other supply chain problems at the time of this writing, Raspberry Pis have been incredibly hard to purchase. The only option is from sellers who are marking up the price by sometimes 10 folds. Luckily [Linus Tech Tips](https://www.youtube.com/@LinusTechTips) has a great video comparing the various alternative SBCs you may have never heard of.

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/uJvCVw1yONQ>" %}
Wow, you're actually reading this... The first person to read this and DM us "Tango Down" via Twitter will win a free Canine Rocket Technologies sticker pack!
{% endembed %}


# PCBs

## Introduction

Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)s are a great way to make compact, robust, and far more efficient electronics. Instead of using wires, the circuity is etched into a sheet of copper supported on a fiberglass board.

## How PCBs Work

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/H9pGbLJknDk>" %}
(Source: Techquickie @ YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

## How PCBs Are Made

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/ljOoGyCso8s>" %}
(Source: Strange Parts @ YouTubecom)
{% endembed %}

## Basics of Designing a PCB

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/35YuILUlfGs>" %}
(Source: GreatScott! @ YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

## EDA

Electronic Design Automation is where all Printed Circuit Board (PCB) projects start. It's basically like CAD but for circuit boards. The basic process is the same, you start by designing a schematic, then you convert it into a PCB outline, place the components, and trace the various connections.&#x20;

### Easy EDA

Easy EDA is a free and open-sourced web browser-based EDA software under the JLCPCB and LCSC's ecosystem. This makes designing and ordering the parts with their services extremely streamlined and easy. However, this also means if one would like to purchase components from other suppliers such as Digikey, a lot of the automatic features and libraries may not be accessible.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://easyeda.com/>" %}

## Design References

The complexity of PCB projects has vastly decreased due to the amount of open source design references. If you are able to make a microcontroller and sensor project using breakout boards on a breadboard, you can easily design a PCB for it. One of the simple shortcuts is simply designing an adapter board PCB that takes in various breakout and avoids the mess of wires. However, a step above that would be to reference off of the various breakouts and replicate the schematic onto a PCB to make a fully integrated single board. An example of this procedure is, if one had an Arduino with an Adafruit pressure sensor breakout, they can wire the 2 components together and have a pressure reading circuit. If one wants to make this even more compact, they can then copy both the Arduino and adafruit sensor schematics into their EDA, then populate component by component into a single compact PCB layout of their choice. This is even easier thanks to big electronics companies providing all their references for free for you to adapt on, here are some examples we like using.

{% embed url="<https://www.sparkfun.com/>" %}
Click the breakout of interest, then go to documents, then schematics.
{% endembed %}

{% embed url="<https://github.com/adafruit>" %}
All of Adafruit's EDA files are up on their GitHub.
{% endembed %}


# Pinouts Book

The proverbs of small electronic projects

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/qz2P9celU1M>" %}

The Pinouts Book is an extremely awesome project by hacker [N-O-D-E](https://n-o-d-e.net/index.html), it's a concentrated in-depth (yet extremely simple to view) quick reference book of every major pinout you will encounter during your electronics development project. We found this to be one of the best handbook references to have around when integrating electronics.

{% embed url="<https://pinouts.org>" %}

{% file src="/files/gMv2WNbIwN9Aud90mTYg" %}


# DIY Lithium Batteries

Everything You Need to Know About Li Ion Batteries

Micah Toll is an experienced engineer in the DIY Lithium-ion battery pack community, and his guidebook below includes all the basic information you need to know to get started! It's a great read to understand the fundamentals of Lithium-ion batteries and will help you from shopping for cells to welding your own packs.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://nvhrbiblio.nl/biblio/boek/Toll%20-%20DIY%20Lithium%20Batteries.pdf>" %}


# Software Development Tools

## Introduction

Software is how our projects come alive. Although our primary focus is not software, we still use a variety of open-source tools to manage the software onboard our projects. Below are software packages and tools that we have used to write, test, debug, and load software for our projects.

## Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

### Arduino IDE

Anything microcontroller-related can usually be done with the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Although it is recommended for smaller projects, it comes with many software examples and tools to help beginners and professionals alike to write, test, debug, and load software onto microcontrollers. Tools such as the Serial Monitor and Serial Plotter are crucial for testing.

{% embed url="<https://www.arduino.cc/en/software>" %}

### Arduino Web Editor

This is just like the Arduino IDE that can be downloaded and installed, except it is run in a web browser. Although limited, it is still very powerful and useful for many applications, such as on-the-go projects or for learning beginners. In fact, it has helped us with our own projects while we were away from the lab.

{% embed url="<https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/starting-guide/the-arduino-web-editor>" %}

### Visual Studio Code

Amid its flaws, Visual Studio Code is a (somewhat) free and open-source Integrated Development Environment (IDE). It can handle dozens of languages, configurations, and plugins. Languages such as Python and C++ can be analyzed and ran on the fly. Plugins such as PlatformIO can build, test, and debug microcontroller code all from the comfort of Visual Studio Code.

## Languages

### C++

C++ is the main choice for our software projects, mainly for its stability and robust nature. Although it has a steep learning curve, C++ is a very powerful language that encompasses other useful features. It is very commonly used for microcontrollers and is, in fact, the language in which the Arduino IDE uses.

{% embed url="<https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming>" %}

### Python

Although not used to run on microcontrollers (most of the time), Python is a great tool to automate tasks and perform calculations. Many simulators and other free and open-source projects are written using Python. It especially pairs well with smaller (but not microcontroller level) computers, such as the Raspberry Pi.

{% embed url="<https://www.python.org/downloads>" %}

## Other Software Tools

### PlatformIO

PlatformIO is kind of like the Arduino IDE, but it is more professionaly-driven and has more complicated but configurable aspects to it. It can be installed with Visual Studio Code (another Integrated Development Environment, described above) or it can be installed for the command-line. Either way, it's a great tool for professionals and large/complicated projects.

{% embed url="<https://docs.platformio.org/en/stable/home/index.html>" %}


# Getting Started with Programming on an Arduino

### Introduction

As previously said with C++, it has a quite large learning curve that requires a lot of previous knowledge about how a computer works, how C works, how C++ works, etc., etc. But given one step at a time, it is significantly easier to learn with the Arduino framework than to go into the wild west of C++ programming.

If you're a total beginner stuck with an Arduino with no way to program it, no fear! This tutorial is for you. We here at Canine Rocket Technologies have had our own first experiences with Arduino. It isn't pretty, but it got us where we are now. Stick with us, we don't bite (too hard)!

### Part 1: Understanding How Code Works

In a nutshell, all a computer does is follow a list of basic instructions. These instructions can be called machine code, the ones and zeros defining what the computer should do. A higher level implementation of machine code is an assembly language, or a human representation of those ones and zeros. Let's not jump too deep into that today, but try to keep that in mind as we go along this tutorial.

We will first be learning the basics of C, the precursor to the sister language C++. Both are very similar, but have very different features.

C is a high(ish) level programming language for general-purpose demands. It was created in the 1960s when the developers of the brand-new UNIX operating system got tired of writing assembly code and wanted something easier and more understandable to write in.

The basics of C and C-based programming languages follow these five main principles:

* Functions: A way to call different parts of code in a single line.
* Variables: A place to store all kinds of data in memory.
* Conditions: A way to branch code given an expression.
* Loops: A way to recursively run code.
* Operations: A way to perform mathematical calculations and comparisons.

Let's examine each principle in context with some C code.

```c
#include <stdio.h> // Unrelated to what we're doing but required by C to do stuff.

int main()
{
	float x = 3.14;
	if (x > 4)
	{
		printf("x is greater than 4.\n");
	}
	else
	{
		printf("x is less than 4.\n");
	}
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	{
		x += 2.16;
		printf("x is now %f.\n", x);
	}
	return 0;
}
```

Did you see each principle in action?

If not, here's a commented version of the same code.

```c
#include <stdio.h> // Unrelated to what we're doing but required by C to do stuff.

// Setting up the main function, it is ran on the start of the program.
int main()
{
	// Setting a floating-point variable x to 3.14.
	float x = 3.14;
	
	// Checking if x is greater than 4.
	if (x > 4)
	{
		// If it is, we call a function to say it is.
		printf("x is greater than 4.\n");
	}
	// If the condition above failed, code is executed here.
	else
	{
		// If x is not greater than 4, we call a function to say it is
		// less than 4.
		printf("x is less than 4.\n");
	}
	
	// Looping 5 times to increment the value of x by 2.16 and print the new
	// value out each time.
	
	// It works by creating a temporary variable called i to hold which iteration
	// we are in. Each time we start the loop, we compare the value of i to a
	// number, 5 in this case. If we have exceeded this number, we stop the loop
	// and continue after this loop. If we have not, we increment i and run the
	// code in the loop.
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	{
		// Do the increment.
		x += 2.16;
		// Print the new value by passing x as a parameter to the function.
		printf("x is now %f.\n", x);
	}
	
	// Finish the function by returning 0, the operation code that the program
	// finished successfully.
	return 0;
}
```

Of course, there's still a lot more to C than just this. This is a basic understanding of how C works.

This is essentially what we are doing in the code:

* We set up the `main` function. It is the function to run at the start of the program.
* We create a floating-point variable `x`. That means it can accurately store a number that has a tenths place, hundredths place, etc.
* We check to see if `x` is greater than four. If it is, we print to the console it is. If not, we print to the console it isn't.
* We create a loop to increment the value of `x` by `2.16` five times. We then print the current value of `x`.
* We finish off by returning `0` from the `main` function. This tells the operating system that the program finished successfully.

By compiling this code with your favorite compiler and running it, the output should look similar to this:

```
x is less than 4.
x is now 5.300000.
x is now 7.460000.
x is now 9.620000.
x is now 11.780000.
x is now 13.940000.
```

Congratulations, you have learned the basic principles of how (most) programming languages work. Good job.

### Part 2: Implementing Our Own Arduino Code

Now that we've seen how basic C code is, let's try making our own C++ code to do some Arduino things. For now, we will keep it basic so we can easily understand how it works.

Just like with the C code, here is some C++ code to do some Arduino things:

```c
#include <Arduino.h> // Like the first line in the C code. It is required by Arduino
                     // to do stuff.

const int pin = 13;

void setup()
{
	Serial.begin(9600);
	Serial.println("Hello, world!");
	
	pinMode(pin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
	digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
	delay(500);
	digitalWrite(pin, LOW);
	delay(500);
}
```

Many, but not all, of the principles states in Part 1 were used. Can you spot them?

If not, here's a commented version of the same code.

```c
#include <Arduino.h> // Like the first line in the C code. It is required by Arduino
                     // to do stuff.

// Create a constant variable pin and set it to the value 13.
// A constant variable is like a regular variable but it cannot change.
const int pin = 13;

// Define the setup function. This function runs once at the start of the Arduino
// being turned on.
void setup()
{
	// Set up the serial line between the Arduino and computer at 9600 baud.
	Serial.begin(9600);
	// Send a string through the serial to say hello.
	Serial.println("Hello, world!");
	
	// Set the pin mode of our pin (definied above) to an output state.
	// This means that we can set the value of the pin to HIGH or LOW.
	// Likewise, we can reverse this and get an input state. It does what
	// you expect, we can read the value of a pin.
	pinMode(pin, OUTPUT);
}

// Define the loop function. This function runs after the setup funciton, but it will
// always be called, even if it's finished.
void loop()
{
	// Write the value of our pin to HIGH. Basically turn it on.
	digitalWrite(pin, HIGH);
	// Wait 500 milliseconds, or half a second.
	delay(500);
	// Write the value of our pin to LOW. Basically turn it off.
	digitalWrite(pin, LOW);
	// Wait another 500 milliseconds.
	delay(500);
}
```

If you couldn't tell already, this code turns on and off an LED on the Arduino really quickly.

If you would like a list of more functions to play with, [here's](https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en) a complete list that Arduino gives us to play with.


# Graphic Design & Video Production

## Introduction&#x20;

We like to treat our videos and graphics as an integral part of the project. No matter how great your project may be, if it lacks good visual communication it is often challenging to gain attention. Here, we have provided you with a list of some great open-sourced or free tools we use to help us develop and produce various video and graphic content.&#x20;

## Inkscape

Inkscape is a fully open sourced free-to-use graphic design software suite. The capabilities of the software are astonishing, however, we ourselves admittedly have not learned most of the functions (lol). That leads us to the primary downside, its UI is confusing and a bit intimating, however, we are well aware of its powers from even basic use.

{% hint style="info" %}
Not recommended for new users! The UI can be overwhelming
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://inkscape.org>" %}

## Shotcut

Shotcut is not the best nor most feature-rich video editing software out there, but it gets the job done! We love that it's free and open-sourced with a decently large helpful community base. Fun fact, all our videos are edited in it!

{% hint style="warning" %}
We have found Shotcut to be glitchy, especially after updates! To prevent lost projects save often!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://shotcut.org>" %}

## Stickermule Tools

Stickermule offers free browser-based tools for simple graphic editing! Stickermule Studio has been a really great tool for creating graphics in a rush on the go for us personally. The background remover and upscale tool is also really handy for general use (in our experience, it works better than some of the graphics tools we use every day!).&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.stickermule.com/tools>" %}

## Photo Mosh

Add cool glitch effects to images and videos with this cool online tool!

{% embed url="<https://photomosh.com/>" %}


# Testing & Documentation

Learn about testing and documentation resources.

## Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="/testing-and-documentation/documentation-and-organization-cheatsheet">Documentation &#x26; Organization Cheatsheet</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/testing-and-documentation/project-stats-template">Project Stats Template</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/testing-and-documentation/internal-dev-log-template">Internal Dev Log Template</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/testing-and-documentation/readme-creator">Readme Creator</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/testing-and-documentation/april-tags">April Tags</a></td></tr></tbody></table>


# Documentation & Organization Cheatsheet

## Definitions

### Version, Revision, & Generation

Version: A design Iteration.&#x20;

Revision: A

Generation: A complete redesign of the same framework

### Active Version, Revision, & Generation

An **Active** version, revision, or generation

## Project File Management &#x20;

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FiPlS3yM22ynGoymSxfU9%2Ffile%20management%20diagram.png?alt=media&amp;token=a9731d16-23b2-4e2e-bfc8-d12c1d732e0d" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>


# Project Stats Template

## Stat List Format

**Status:** (Active, Retired, Replaced: *Provide page link here*)

**Dev Time Period:** (Start date to either end date or current.)

**Type:** (UAV, rocketry component, rocket, etc.)

**Architecture:** (development ecosystem, ROS, Ardupilot, Meshtastic, etc.)

**Associated Project(s):**

**Weight:** (kg, grams)

**Dimensions:** (xyz, meters or mm)

## Stat List Template

*(copy paste into each project entry.)*

## Stats

**Status:**&#x20;

**Dev Time Period:**

**Type:**&#x20;

**Architecture:**

**Associated Project(s):**

**Weight:**&#x20;

**Dimensions:**&#x20;


# K-9 Diagram Template

Templates for making schematic diagrams for this wiki.

#### Definitions:

1. REV. (Revision): Number of consolidated versions&#x20;
2. VER. (version): Number of iterative changes. Version restarts to 1 for ever revision change.

{% file src="/files/RirzW6nrKHvTZm8hQver" %}

{% file src="/files/KS1R7ksUjeGnVLljA3Cz" %}


# Internal Dev Log Template

The Dev Log is our internal daily journal system to both accelerate development and make ourselves a better engineer! The goal isn't a draggy and boring log of overly technical jargons, it's a quick way to jot down progress and issues

## Dev Log Format Overview

**00/00/22** ( Date, obviously)

**Progress Location:** Location of where development was focused on, can range from general assembly as a whole to a specific part.

**Progress Details:** A quick recap of what

**Findings:** A list of new things found and learned per daily development cycle

**Links:** A Library of links to parts, additional resources, and reference material relevant to the days development cycle

**Images & Notes:** A Library of images showing progress and

## Dev Log Template

*(Copy Paste into Dev Log for each day)*

**00/00/2023**

**Progress Location:**

**Progress Details:**

**Findings:**

**Links:**

**Images & Notes:**


# Readme Creator

Readmes are a great way to present your projects visually on GitHub. Readmes are simple and easy to make, but when it comes to graphs, labels, diagrams, etc. it can be a little hard to remember the proper lines. Here's a really cool online tool to make your documentation life easier made by [Katherine Oelsner!](https://twitter.com/katherinecodes)

<https://pages.github.com>

{% embed url="<https://readme.so>" %}


# April Tags

OG Fiducial Markers

## April Tag File

Print out the April tags PDF files below for use with your projects! We laminated ours to reuse in the future.&#x20;

{% hint style="warning" %}
Laminating April Tags may cause issues when viewed at angles due to the reflectivity of the plastic film.
{% endhint %}

{% file src="/files/cpJaFM0ewEMfOkxSAuQH" %}

{% file src="/files/dV2gEKXLvZcexRk6qp4B" %}

{% file src="/files/aWBd8gZUBXcr4p8lVNFA" %}

### Credits

These April Tags were created via a bash script written by Clark B. Teeple on Clark's Docs. Special thanks to Clark and having it available for everyone to use!

{% embed url="<https://docs.cbteeple.com/robot/april-tags>" %}


# Design & Simulation

Learn about design and simulation tools.

## Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th data-hidden data-card-target data-type="content-ref"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/computern-aided-design">Computer Aided Design</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/computern-aided-design">Computern Aided Design</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/calctool">CalcTool</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/ecalc">eCalc</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/open-rocket-simulator">Open Rocket Simulator</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/xflrr5">XFLRR5</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/cloudrf">CloudRF</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/design-and-simulation/radio-optic-line-of-sight-tools">Line of Sight Tools</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>


# Computern Aided Design

## Introduction

Computer-Aided Design or CAD is a software suite that allows designers to digitally draft their designs in a virtual workspace. CAD serves as the central hub between the design and manufacturing process. In modern hardware development, CAD has become the heart of virtually all part and assembly design.

#### When Should I Use CAD?

CAD is really the heart of all modern digital engineering and design processes. Any part that needs to be accessed or manufactured repeately in the future, requires revision control, or is part of a large assembly should be designed in CAD, since it now is the universal digital workspace that can support the data required to execute virtualy all manufatcuring techniques avialable.&#x20;

#### When Should I NOT Use CAD?

Strangely enough, this is a topic not spoken enough. Even though CAD is probably the most efficient bridge between digital design and automated manufacturing, there are many instances where it may be unecessary. For example, dependency to CAD seems to negatively alter our workflow in certain circumstances. In many instances we may have noncritical temporary tooling fixtures that are needed for only a single application, yet we find ourselves out of habit sketching the fixture in CAD. This adds unnecessary complexity to the project wasting time and resources. R\&D processes require loads of temporary parts and fictures, and designing these components in CAD is not always neccesary.&#x20;

## Fusion 360

Fusion 360 is our primary CAD suite we use for designing, rendering, and simulating variables. It is an extremely powerful CAD software suite with many features. It's popularity is rooted in the free license offered to hobbyist, which in turn has created and grown a huge online community. This makes it the ideal software for managing and collaborating on a more open hardware basis.&#x20;

### What F360 is NOT

Fusion 360 is NOT an engineering specific software. F360 does share many engineering features with Autodesk Inventor. Inventor was catered specifically for engineering. Based on more experienced people with sufficient experience with both software suite, F360 will lacks more technical features required in advanced engineering. This does not mean F360 is not for engineering, its more of a general design software suite that includes engineering as a sub discipline. In general, Fusion 360 was highly catered for product designers (which consequently will require engineering applications). This means fusion 360 retains a good balance of features and tools for integration and fabrication of your design into manufacturing processes, basic analysis and calculations, and (this is the product design part) a great suite of tools for aesthetic works and renders.

### F360 Student License

If your a student like us, Fusion 360 is free to use after submitting proof of enrollment! We highly recommend you to take this opportunity since the education license offers the entire software suite at no cost.

{% hint style="info" %}
Check out all the other software suites Autodesk has to offer for students and educators!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.autodesk.com/education/students>" %}

### F360 Hobbyist License

If your no longer a student, Autodesk offers a personal use F360 license with some immitted features. It offers the full fledged design features, so it isn't a total deal breaker. However features like simulations, PCB design, and technical drawings are completely gone or very limited. This may make this a deal breaker for people intending to use this for more complex designs.

{% embed url="<https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/personal>" %}

## Learning Fusion 360

### Product Design Online

Product design online offers both paid and free online CAD courses regarding Fusion 360. Everyone has different learning styles, and their tutorials may not work for you, but in our experience (and based on our learning style) it was one of the best Fusion 360 courses out there. We highly recommend new CAD users to check out their 30 min Fusion 360 crash course (It got us up and running on Fusion 360 very quickly)

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/qvrHuaHhqHI>" %}
(Source: Product Design Online, YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

### Autodesk Fusion 360 Course

In our experience the Autodesk Fusion 360 Course is not necessarily the best structured tutorial for new users. We found the overall course to be a bit lengthy with emphasis on steps that anyone even mildly experienced with most software would  be familiar with. To be fair, Autodesk had to adopt this format assuming some of the users will not have any prior digital knowledge. Our suggestion for this is to skip or skim over overly obvious steps and move on quickly. Some users may find the Autodesk course helpful, in our opinion it serves as a great didactic tool to learn more features/processes from intermediate users.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/resources>" %}

## Tinkercad

Okay we know it, tinkercad is often associated with new CAD users. But did you know the starting from our legacy K-9 Landing Legs and up to the V7 TVC gimbal, they were all designed in Tinkercad? Its not always the tool, but its how it can be applied.&#x20;

### Tinkercad as a teaching tool

Tinkercad is a really great teaching tool for

### Tinkercad as a tool

Tinkercad easily imports .STL files and allows you to add ediitable geometires over it. This is extremly convenient for quikc file editing on the go. SInce its browser based, the files can be easily acessed anywhere with an internet connection.

###

## 3D Connexion Space Mouse

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FM2lmHRXSLBn3wifIXSq1%2F71fh%2Bk4Y%2BlL.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=ec1d02d4-a386-410f-8a99-2fc9c897a418" alt=""><figcaption><p>(Source: <a href="https://3dconnexion.com/us/spacemouse/">https://3dconnexion.com/us/spacemouse/</a>)</p></figcaption></figure>

CAD is a three dimensional virtual work environment, but its often interfaced on a two dimensional plane with a traditionally computer mouse. The space mouse is the first true 6 axis joystick interface to utilize your non dominant hand while CAD designing or 3D modeling. We found it to very effectively make our CAD design process more fluid and efficient!

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FcD8WMnqR198JGwuOPJ3z%2F20221115_143355_1.gif?alt=media&amp;token=e0f35272-5be0-4b50-87d4-042f4de691a9" alt=""><figcaption><p>Demo of the fluid motions the CAD mouse offers</p></figcaption></figure>

{% hint style="info" %}
The Space Mouse is not for everyone, some experienced CAD users have expressed their preference to using a traditional computer mouse
{% endhint %}

{% hint style="success" %}
The Space Mouse has a bit of a learning curve, it will take a about a week to get used to!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://3dconnexion.com/us/spacemouse/>" %}


# CalcTool

CalcTool is a free online calculator tool. Basically any calculation you can think of, there's a page on CalcTool.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.calctool.org/>" %}


# eCalc

eCalc is the ultimate UAV design and simulation tool for optimizing the efficiency and power performance of your vehicle. It's also a very good starting point for designing your drone. It is a paid software for its full features, but well worth the $19 dollars a year.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.ecalc.ch/>" %}


# Open Rocket Simulator

Anything rocket starts in Open Rocket! Open rocket is a free and open sourced model rocket simulation software. Open Rocket has been a reliable and trusted tool by the rocketry community (Both from small scale to high-powered rockets). It's relatively simple to use, with many online resources available.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://openrocket.info/>" %}


# XFLRR5

XFLRR5 is an open sourced subsonic aerodynamic design and analysis software. It's been a trusted design software both among amateurs and professionals alike. It's the perfect software for designing your own fixed wing UAV platforms. The best part is, it's completely free and open sourced.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.xflr5.tech/xflr5.htm>" %}

techwinder has a great series on the introduction and basics of using XFLRR5. It does have a steeper learning curve than most other software programs, but it's well worth the time.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtl5ylS6jdP6uOxzSJKPnUsvMbkmalfKg>" %}

XFLRR5 is based off of Xfoil, the original subsonic airfoil analysis software. In case you're interested, it is still available:

{% embed url="<https://web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/>" %}


# CloudRF

CloudRF is a radio propogation anylsis tool. CloudRF will help you to determine the precise coverage of your radio device for design analysis, route or mission planning, and general environmental assessments. CloudRF is developer friendly and can even integrate toa applications such as ATAK. CloudRF is a paid service, but they also offer a limited free plan that offers up to 1 GHz in frequency with the max range locked at 5 km. We found this to be sufficient for most applications.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://cloudrf.com>" %}


# Radio/Optic Line of Sight Tools

The Ultimate Line of Sight Tool

Much like how optics can only observe objects in the line of sight, many radio devices follow the same principle. However, unlike optics, radio waves can bounce off of different surfaces, and penetrate through objects. These unique phenomena are varied primarily by what frequency range the radios are operating, and many other variables. Whether you're making your own communication network, building a radio-controlled vehicle, etc. it is generally a good rule to try and make your radio devices be in line of sight. Listed below are some great tools to visualize and simulate topography-based line of sight for radios and optic projects.&#x20;

{% hint style="info" %}
These tools are especially useful for projects such as [Meshtastic.](/open-development-platforms/meshtastic)
{% endhint %}

## HeyWhatsThat

HeyWhatsThat is a free online radio line-of-sight tool. It can be beneficial for planning out the placement of long-range optics and radio equipment. There's not much to it, add in the exact location and the elevation offset, and it will indicate the location of every point in a full 360 radius on where Line Of Sight can be achieved. It's a popular tool among radio enthusiasts who are trying to break transmission records and people setting up their own communication networks.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.heywhatsthat.com/>" %}

## RF Line of Sight

This is a simple and easy-to-use tool by Scadacore. Simply place the two pin-points or type in the coordinates, and it will offer a very simple topography slice to visualize the line of sight between the two points. This tool is great for quick point-to-point calculations when a full 360 view calculation like HeyWhatsThat is necessary.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.scadacore.com/tools/rf-path/rf-line-of-sight/>" %}


# Research Resources

Resource library for various project research topics.

## Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td><a href="/research-resources/parachute-design">Parachute Design</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/research-resources/thermal-and-electro-optics">Thermal &#x26; Electro-Optics</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/research-resources/night-vision-basics">Night Vision Basics</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>


# Parachute Design

## Parachute Recovery Systems Design Manual

Really cool document that has basically all the fundamentals of most parachute recovery systems. A great reference for even small-scale parachute development.

{% embed url="<http://servidor.demec.ufpr.br/CFD/bibliografia/aerodinamica/PARACHUTE%20Recovery%20Systems%20Desgin%20Manual.pdf>" %}

## Simple Guide to DIY Disk Gap Band Parachutes

Disk Gap Band parachutes are a really cool balance between stability and drag. The topic regarding Disk Gap Band Parachutes can get extremely technical, but Apogee has released a very good balanced guide for beginners. It even has tutorials on how to make your own! We found this article to be very helpful when we were starting out with our parachute dev.

{% embed url="<https://www.apogeerockets.com/Peak-of-Flight/Newsletter505>" %}


# Thermal & Electro-Optics

Whether you're designing a targeting pod for a drone or on a long range surveillance system, having a basic understanding of both thermal and electro optics is a critical skill to have. Here are some of our favorite resources that helped us get started in our research.

{% hint style="info" %}
All credits to the respective authors, make sure to give them the credit they deserve.
{% endhint %}

## Basic Principles & Concepts

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/pDEKfOmJkCo>" %}
A great overiew into the basic principles of military EO/IR by Dr. Johnathan Partee.
{% endembed %}

Great article by the IDA on the basic theory and concepts of EO/IR systems. A good read after familiarizing yourself with basic EO/IR examples.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/a/at/a-tutorial-on-e-lectro--opticalinfrared-eoir-theory-and-systems/ida-document-d-4642.ashx>" %}
Credit: Institue For Defense Analyses
{% endembed %}

## Thermal Camouflage

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/8fbKZze_J4c>" %}
An overview on thermal camo along with a detailed lesson on the principles of thermal.
{% endembed %}

## DRI

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F1EStELUrTTSzTuYGQl7r%2FDRI%20Chart.png?alt=media&amp;token=bbcdf76e-3b85-4cd1-8d6c-c31f5324f4c3" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

DRI (Detection, Recognition, & Identification)

{% embed url="<https://www.infinitioptics.com/dri>" %}

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/e4N5Ox4PTBk>" %}

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/AgoNfAYlrmI>" %}

## MWIR & LWIR

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/dzWbZ3GNbxU>" %}

## Real World Examples

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/-FajSFRlkIo>" %}
SAR mission using a thermal pod on a police helicopter
{% endembed %}

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/yotbnhfRgMY>" %}
Tactical warfare with thermal on a Apache Attack Helicopter
{% endembed %}

## Product Examples

{% embed url="<https://www.trilliumeng.com>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.avinc.com/uas/payloads>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.hanwhasystems.com/en/business/defense/isr/electronic_index.do>" %}


# Night Vision Basics

Helpful Infromation for NVG Developers

## Introduction

If you are developing night vision or have interest in it, here are some resource we found immensely helpful with getting started. Researching about not only the technical aspects of night vision, but how different setups work will always make you a better developer. For more in depth overviews on electro optics, check out this page [here.](/research-resources/thermal-and-electro-optics)

{% hint style="info" %}
All credits to the respective authors, make sure to give them the credit they deserve.
{% endhint %}

## How Analog Night Vision Works

One of the best explanation of a rather technical topic by Gloom Group

{% embed url="<https://gloomgroup.com/blogs/night-vision-info/night-vision-how-it-works>" %}

Once you've learned how they work, here's more articles on different options.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://gloomgroup.com/blogs/night-vision-info/night-vision-green-phosphor-vs-white-phosphor?_pos=1&_sid=d4aa5f924&_ss=r>" %}

{% embed url="<https://gloomgroup.com/blogs/night-vision-info/night-vision-filmed-vs-unfilmed-tubes?_pos=2&_sid=d4aa5f924&_ss=r>" %}

{% embed url="<https://gloomgroup.com/blogs/night-vision-info/night-vision-single-tube-vs-dual-tubes?_pos=16&_sid=d4aa5f924&_ss=r>" %}

##

## Digital NVGs vs Analog

Another great write up by Gloom Group, and a great video by T-Rex arms.

{% embed url="<https://gloomgroup.com/blogs/night-vision-info/night-vision-digital-vs-analog?_pos=1&_sid=ffda2e9a7&_ss=r>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFDNEjJ0cME>" %}
(Source: T.REX ARMS YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCyTQ15qblw>" %}
(Source: T.REX ARMS YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

## Night Vision Setups

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojeaBBX-Juw>" %}
(Source: T.REX Arms YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLYorDf0WXU>" %}
(Source: Warrior Poet Society YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51C1-SNAlhk>" %}
(Source: Garand Thumb YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

## Building Out Night Vision Devices

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/vSumk0HeNqc>" %}
(Source: S2 Underground YouTube.com)
{% endembed %}

{% embed url="<https://devastratactical.com/spec-ops-dog-k9-vision-system/>" %}

## Product examples

{% embed url="<https://tnvc.com/shop/category/night-vision/night-vision-goggles/>" %}


# Open Development Platforms

Symbiosis of the open source ecosystem

{% hint style="success" %}
A huge portion of our own projects would simply be impossible without the works of other amazing projects! Please be sure to give each respective creator the credit they deserve.
{% endhint %}

## Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td><a href="/open-development-platforms/vesc">VESC</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/open-development-platforms/meshtastic">Meshtastic</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/open-development-platforms/open-hd">Open HD</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>


# VESC

The VESC is one of the most underrated open projects in our opinion. It is the ultimate brushless motor driver project, pushing the boundaries of squeezing the maximum performance out of brushless motors with just the drivers; employing clever controller design and software. We've been exploring VESC for our range of projects including the possibility of near-silent electric propulsion systems just by clever hardware implementation on the VESC platform.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://vesc-project.com>" %}

## Real-world Demo

Benjamin Vedder is the creator and lead developer of VESC (Vedder ESC), and his channel is packed with technical information and demos. Watch his videos to learn more about some of the mind-blowing control of brushless motors he can manage just through software

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/@BenjaminsRobotics>" %}


# Meshtastic

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FEJS2qcobjuj42irucccM%2Fdemo%20gif.gif?alt=media&amp;token=16e57858-5e67-469d-9c34-fc54c02ba4c9" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Meshtastic is an open-source, off-grid, decentralized, mesh network built to run on affordable, low-power devices. It allows users to share geolocation data, text messages, and more through LoRa radios into an integrated mesh radio to extend and effectively merge the outreach of the network. Applications range from emergency communication, off-the-grid communication, DIY tactical networks, and more. We employ this technology and system in many of our own projects.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://meshtastic.org>" %}

## Basics

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/DumgHz56IjI>" %}

### Setup

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dR_dCPyan6w>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQXneYTvGVU>" %}

###

### Meshtastic ATAK Plugin

Another sub-community project of Meshtastic is the ATAK forwarder, a project that allows Meshtastic comms to be forwarded and viewed via ATAK. This capability has been an extremely simple way to give our projects simple ATAK integration to build out your own tactical communication network.

{% embed url="<https://meshtastic.org/docs/software/community/community-atak>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mb2OBIw-1Oc>" %}


# Ardupilot

&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://ardupilot.org/>" %}


# Open HD

Open HD is an extremely capable community-run project that allows high-definition video, bidirectional UAV telemetry, audio, and RC control signals all through COTS single-board computers and Wi-Fi cards. We have used Open HD extensively both in bench testing, our electro-optic projects, and Unmanned Aerial System projects. Without Open HD, we would have had to spend a lot of time relying on clunky analog video stream systems, or expensive unreliable low latency digital video streams. It's an extremely incredible project with good documentation and an active community!

{% embed url="<https://openhd.gitbook.io/open-hd/>" %}

## Real-World Demo

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/443pvSKVYEo>" %}


# Vendors & Supply Chain

Suppliers, contractors, and tools we use to get our hardware.

{% hint style="warning" %}
We are not affiliated with, sponsored from, or endorsing any of the listed suppliers!
{% endhint %}

## Pages

<table data-view="cards"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/electronics-component">Electronic Component</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/pcb-fabrication">PCB Fabrication</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/laser-and-cnc-cutting">Laser &#x26; CNC Cutting</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/3d-printing-services">3D Printing Service</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/hardware-components">Hardware Components</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/drone-components">Drone Components</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/composites">Composites</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/vendors-and-supply-chain/li-ion-batteries">Li-ion Batteries</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>


# Electronics Component

Basically electron plumbing

## Digi Key

Digikey is one of our favorite suppliers of electronic components. They have one of the largest selections of parts in their inventory along with really handy reference/part search tools. Even if you don't purchase from Digikey, their catalog and search tool is super handy for looking up alternative parts during your design process. Be mindful that Digikey is usually on the little bit more expensive side, but that is the price to pay for their reliable and fast service.

{% hint style="info" %}
If reliability, reputability, and fast turnaround time matter a lot in your project, we would highly recommend DigiKey.
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.digikey.com/>" %}

## Mouser

Mouser is basically another version of Digikey. Although we ourselves have never ordered from Mouser before, people we know very well have expressed having a very similar experience to Digikey. Mouser appears to carry a wide selection of components that are hard to acquire on Digi-Key and serves as a good alternative.

{% hint style="info" %}
Digikey is said to have a better part search function, use the tools on Digikey and copy the part numbers onto Mouser.
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.mouser.com/>" %}

## LCSC

LCSC is a sister company of JLCPCB. They are said to offer a cheap and convenient supply of electronic components. In our experience this was only partially true, some of the more expensive components are priced similarly to Digikey. LCSC also had a very long turnaround time of around 1.5 weeks minimum. One of the best features of LCSC however, is its extremely easy automatic component searching/selection feature that operates in conjunction with Easy EDA (Owned by JLCPCB). If you don't mind being in the JLC ecosystem and the longer turnaround time, LCSC can be a cheaper alternative (If you're careful with the part selection). Since this is a Chinese-based company, there can be security concerns for sensitive projects.

{% hint style="info" %}
Keep in mind the long turnaround time! Make sure to cross-check pricing with Digikey or Mouser, LCSC is not always cheaper!
{% endhint %}

{% hint style="danger" %}
Not a secure service for senstivie projects!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://lcsc.com/>" %}

## Adafruit

Adafruit is one of our go-to suppliers for breakout boards and prefabbed plug-and-play components. Adafruit supplies reliable and quality components. We would say most of the parts are fairly priced, however, don't forget to cross-check prices. Some components were marked up higher than usual, so we do not recommend purchasing more generic components from Adafruit.

{% hint style="info" %}
Adafruit is most useful/known for their custom-developed breakout boards with unique features not found by other suppliers. Don't forget to check out suppliers like Digikey who also carry Adafruit products.
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.adafruit.com/>" %}

## Sparkfun

Sparksfun is a supplier/manufacturer like Adafruit. They have their own custom brewed boards and ecosystems like Adafruit very convenient for prototyping. We had a positive experience in reliability and product quality. But also like Adafruit, some components were marked higher than usual, so keep in mind. Sparkfun is really the most useful for purchasing one or more of their custom breakout solutions made in their iconic red PCBs. Unlike Adafruit, Sparkfun does carry a wide selection of hard-to-acquire industrial components, though often the markup is on the higher end.

{% hint style="info" %}
Like Adafruit, Don't forget to check out suppliers like Digikey who also carry their products.
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.sparkfun.com/>" %}

## GroupGets

GroupGets is a really cool company. Basically, components only sold through bulk orders can be group bought via campaigns. Through these campaigns, GroupGets has acquired quite a stock of exotic components at a fair price. We source hard-to-get hardware such as thermal camera hardware from GroupGets.

{% hint style="info" %}
GroupGets is now supplying companies like DigiKey, so don't forget to compare their prices/stocks!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://groupgets.com/>" %}

## Rokland

Rokland is a U.S. distributor of various networking, radio hardware, and antennas. They carry a lot of popular radio boards such as the RAK series popular for meshtastic with direct shipping within the U.S. We've had a very positive experience shopping from them, though due to high demand, some items are often back ordered, but it is still is often faster and cheaper than&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://store.rokland.com/>" %}

## Newark Electronics

Newark offer&#x20;

## Ebay

Some really exotic components can only be sourced from salvaged electronics or sketchy sales. There are always risks and this is by far the most unreliable place to source electronics parts from, but sometimes there is no choice. We reserve this for the last resort, for getting deals on parts such as night vision tubes, surplus military hardware, and extremely exotic enterprise parts.

{% embed url="<https://www.ebay.com/>" %}

## Amazon

For every dollar spent on Amazon, Jeff Bezos will do a personal one-on-one laughing session just for you complimentary of the customer service! We admit Amazon has extremely fast turnaround times, large selections, really good customer services, and really good prices. However, this can lead to bad habits, such as simply trusting they are offering the best deals and purchasing before checking prices with other sellers/suppliers. Sellers on Amazon seem to have exploited this since we have noticed sneaky price increases. So don't assume Amazon is always cheaper!

{% hint style="info" %}
Don't assume Amazon is always cheaper, this is especially not true for electronic parts!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.amazon.com/>" %}


# RPI Locator

Raspberry Pis are hard to source nowdays, one of the best tools we use to source them is RPI Locator, a free webpage that notifies you of carriers when they are in stock.

{% embed url="<https://rpilocator.com/>" %}


# Octopart

Sourcing electronic parts can be challengeing. Octopart is a easy to use free online library four sourcing indivudal components and finding the best prices.

{% embed url="<https://octopart.com>" %}


# PCB Fabrication

## Oshpark

oshpark is our favorite PCB fabrication companies. Based in the USA they offer very high quality PCBs are a fair price. They are a little slower and more expensive than the other companies listed on this page, but it's well worth the wait and extra cost for the quality of the boards. For our most important PCBs, we order from Oshpark. Our only complaint is they do not grind off the tags from the panelization process, so you will need to manually sand them off.

{% embed url="<https://oshpark.com/>" %}

##

## JLCPCB

JLCPCB is a very low cost PCB manufacturing company. In our experience both the manufacturing and customer service were great to handle with. The PCB fabircation time is some of the fastest we've seen, but shippment can be unreliable at times. The PCB Quality is decent and good enough for the majoritiy of projects, though it isn't exactly premium. Small graphics on the silkscreen may be a little off and the edge finishes aren't always the best in our experience.

{% hint style="danger" %}
Not a secure service for sensitive projects!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://jlcpcb.com/>" %}


# Laser and CNC Cutting

Sharks with freakin lasers attached to their heads

## Send Cut Send

Send Cut Send is an amazing laser cutting, metal bending, and water jet service based in Nevada. Their prices are fair along with a diverse selection of materials to choose from. They also provide really helpful video and article documentation resources about different materials, tolerances, and design guides. Their turnaround time is about a week, though if you ordered post processing services such as powder coating this can be extended to 2 weeks. We were very impressed by the quality and price of their parts and highly recommend them!&#x20;

{% hint style="info" %}
Their minimum order price starts at $29. Share an order with friends or wait till you can group files from multiple projects to get an overall better price!
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://sendcutsend.com/>" %}

## CNC Madness

CNC Madness is a carbon fiber focussed CNC service based in Canada. We've had great expereinces with their services. We were impressed with both their part quality and really low prices.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://cncmadness.com>" %}


# 3D Printing Services

{% hint style="success" %}
We found out that for most online 3D printing services if you upload .3mf or .stl, the same exact parts are cheaper than when you upload .STEP
{% endhint %}

## JLCPCB

JLCPCB offers low cost 3D printing services in FDM, SLA, SLS, MJF, and even SLM. We have utilized them for SLS printing services and have been happy with both the price and quality.&#x20;

{% hint style="danger" %}
Do not use JLCPCB for printing or manufacturing any parts that are security sensitive (Proprietary hardware, export-regulated parts, etc.)&#x20;
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://3d.jlcpcb.com/>" %}

## Jaws Tec

Jaws Tec is an American 3D small scale manufacturing company. They offer competively priced MJF and SLS 3D printing services that we use for our top priority projects. They have excellent customer service and have redone some of our parts that came with deformities at no cost.

{% embed url="<https://www.jawstec.com/>" %}


# Hardware Components

## McMaster Carr

McMaster Carr is an industry-trusted hardware and tooling supplier. They are a dependable supplier with good customer service and extremely speedy delivery. Their huge selection of parts, specs (even have nuclear reactor grade stuff no joke), and super fast turnaround (order to door in 24 hours in some cases) make them an ideal choice for purchasing critical components during development. The convenience comes at a cost though, McMaster Carr seemed to be on the more expensive end in our experience, while some more specialty components cost much more than other suppliers. However, if certain critical part specs are critical for a project, McMaster Carr is a reputable supplier you can trust.&#x20;

{% hint style="info" %}
McMaster Carr offers free CAD models of all their parts! Super handy! Don't waste your time modeling hardware like screws and fixtures.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.mcmaster.com>" %}

##


# Drone Components

## getfpv

We love getfpv, good prices, a super large selection of parts, great deals, and best of all, price matches!

{% embed url="<https://www.getfpv.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjbyYBhCdARIsAArC6LIQTB6EQGaNxqz93YpQ4B-wjM6iCDIHievnVuGaqlBVi4O7JabbKg4aAnZMEALw_wcB>" %}

## APD Motor Drivers

The king of any brushless motor driver has got to be APD. They produce some of the most insanely performing motor drivers and power distribution boards. They're not cheap, but these are the best you can get for ultra-high-performance drones powertrain components.

{% embed url="<https://powerdrives.net/>" %}

## IR-Lock

IR-Lock is a carrier for all your ardupilot drone component needs. They have fast shipping and good selection of parts.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://irlock.com/>" %}


# Composites

## Composite Envision

Good prices and fast delivery makes them our primary carbon composite suppliers. Despite their cheap prices on carbon fiber products, they do tend to be on the more expensive side for tooling such as vacuum pumps, accessories, etc.&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://compositeenvisions.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjbyYBhCdARIsAArC6LJdo3B7_52iBhG-EE4e3JLK1mfIWjFxs1YQ6mup7cVm-H_qtV38RTsaAoonEALw_wcB>" %}


# Li Ion Batteries

{% hint style="danger" %}
Buying Li-Ion cells from non-reputable sellers can be dangerous! Often times cheaper prices or near-impossible technical specs are strong indicators that the cells being sold are counterfeit!&#x20;
{% endhint %}

## 18650 Battery Store

If you want brand new Li-Ion cells from a reputable seller, 18650 Battery Store is a really good supplier. They offer fair prices with great sales events along with great customer service. Despite their name, they also offer other cell sizes such as 20700, 21700, and more. We have been trusting this company to supply us with brand-new cells for a long time.

{% hint style="success" %}
18650 Store is a reputable seller of Li-Ion Products with a good customer service
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://www.18650batterystore.com/>" %}

## Battery Hookups

Battery Hookups is currently the only company we trust to purchase Li-Ion cells secondhand. They purchase old or almost new cells in bulk and resell them after testing them at cheaper prices. You can often get very good deals on rather expensive cells, and sometimes come across exotic batteries you can't purchase anywhere else. Their stock isn't consistent since they're a reseller, but if you keep an eye there are always good finds. The conditions of the cells aren't always new, and they're honest about notifying you about their test results and assessments do you can make the right choices. They hold a good reputation in the DIY battery community and our own very positive experience

{% hint style="warning" %}
If you're new to DIY Li-Ion battery builds, we would still highly recommend you to start out with brand new reputable cells. Buying used cells, even ones from reputable resellers like Battery Hookups requires basic technical understanding.&#x20;
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://batteryhookup.com/>" %}


# UAV Systems


# Valor sUAS

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/HGN0yWIqCG8>" %}

Valor sUAS is an advanced stealthy quadcopter designed to serve as a multi-mission tool in tactical environments, search and rescue operations, general surveillance, payload delivery, etc. The system consists of the rugged UAV, Spot-T optics pod, field controller, battery charger, and ground station. Unlike commercially available systems every part of the system is modular, built using commercially available low-cost parts, and designed under an open architecture. This allows Valor to quickly and dynamically adapt to virtually any mission requirement.

At its core Valor, sUAS can offer a real-time First Person View (FPV) Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) feed to multiple operators on the ground with its advanced SPOT-T optics pod. Valor can simultaneously carry out secondary missions by carrying optional payload modules that simply snap into place.

## Stats

**Status:** Active

**Dev Time Period:** Sep 2020 - Present

**Type:** Tactical Drone System

**Architecture:** K-TAC

**Associated Project(s):** RTE-1

**Weight:** NA

**Dimensions:** NA

## Teaser Videos

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/aFCyxJ9nzIg>" %}

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/HGN0yWIqCG8>" %}

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://hackaday.io/project/180216-valor-tactical-stealth-suas>" %}


# K-9 Drone Battery Standard

1

## Stats

**Status:** Active

**Dev Time Period:** Sep 2020 - Present

**Type:** Drone Battery Standard

**Architecture:** K-TAC

**Associated Project(s):** Valor sUAS

**Weight:** NA

**Dimensions:** NA


# Jx-9 Connector Standard

Conventional hobby drone batteries use two separate connectors: A discharge/charge lead, and a balance lead. The K-9 Drone Battery Standard repurposes the JX-9 connector into an all-in-one single connection interface. The JX-9 offers two high current.&#x20;

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F9yVenW0NFfUcB7UoLSKl%2FJX-9%20Standard.png?alt=media&amp;token=97284db8-8bf2-4d49-9580-1e414decab96" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>


# Rugged Battery Charger

l

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2Fajewts9Pgdpx3w4QaWoP%2FCharger%20Box%20Schematic.png?alt=media&amp;token=889dface-299a-49ee-9aac-2636e4d0e292" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

|   |   |   |
| - | - | - |
|   |   |   |
|   |   |   |
|   |   |   |


# Tactical Systems


# K-TAC RTE-1

Rugged T-Beam Enclosure 1

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ks4Oo0Oxe4>" %}

K-TAK RTE-1 (Ruggedized T-Beam Enclosure 1) is an open-sourced ruggedized tactical enclosure for the t beam m8. With the recent ATAK forwarder project, there has been more interest in applying Meshtastic to tactical scenarios, and this is the first enclosure designed specifically for such use cases. RTE-1 was designed around a large battery compartment ensuring space for a high-capacity battery; this will allow days of continuous operation on a single charge. It also utilizes commercially available waterproof components to offer a weatherproof and completely sealed body, protecting the electronics from the elements. Though not a beginner-friendly project, RTE-1 is relatively a simple construction. The body is 3D printed with cnc cutout "armor" panels for added protection and strength.

## Stats

**Status:** Active

**Dev Time Period:** March 2022 - Present

**Type:** Tactical Mesh Radio

**Architecture:** K-TAC

**Associated Project(s):** NA

**Weight:** NA

**Dimensions:** NA

## Technical Overview

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/rQXneYTvGVU>" %}

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://github.com/meshtastic/enclosures/tree/master/TTGO/T-Beam/M8N/K-TAC%20Rugged%20T-Beam%20Enclosure%201>" %}

{% embed url="<https://hackaday.io/project/184349-k-tac-rugged-t-beam-enclosure-1>" %}


# Assembly Instructions

## Instructional Video

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/so7PC6OJdbI>" %}

## Parts

### Electronics

| Parts                                           | Quantity | Link                                                                                 |
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| TTGO T-Beam M8N                                 | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| OLED Display                                    | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| 12 mm stainless steel waterproof push button    | 2x       |                                                                                      |
| Upgraded Antenna                                | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| 25mm GPS Antenna                                | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| Li Ion 21700                                    | 2x       | <https://www.18650batterystore.com/collections/21700-batteries/products/samsung-50e> |
| Set of male and female XT-30 Connectors         | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| Roll of this silicone wire                      | 1x       | <https://www.adafruit.com/product/3164>                                              |
| Roll of thicker gauge silicone wire for battery | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| Waterproof Panel Mount Micro USB                | 1x       |                                                                                      |
| micro usb male breakout                         | 1x       |                                                                                      |

### Material

| Parts                                                                        | Quantity | Link |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------- | ---- |
| Carbon fiber/Polycarbonate 3D printer filament (PETG or ABS could also work) |          |      |
| 3M VHB Double Sided                                                          | 1x       |      |
| RTV Sealer (Or generic silicone)                                             | 1x       |      |
| 5 min Epoxy                                                                  | 1x       |      |
| Painters Tape                                                                | 1x       |      |
| 2.7 mm polycarbonate sheet                                                   | 1x       |      |
| 1 or 2 mm carbon fiber sheet                                                 | 1x       |      |
| M3 brass threaded inserts                                                    | 8x       |      |

### Fasteners

| Parts                                | Quantity | Link |
| ------------------------------------ | -------- | ---- |
| M3x12 Socket Head Cap machine screws | 6x       |      |
| M3x6 Socket Head Cap machine screws  | 2x       |      |
| M3x5 Round head cap machine screws   | 4x       |      |
| M3x10 Round head cap machine screws  | 4x       |      |

## Github

{% hint style="info" %}
For more detailed descriptions, please check out the github write up.
{% endhint %}

{% embed url="<https://github.com/meshtastic/enclosures/tree/master/TTGO/T-Beam/M8N/K-TAC%20Rugged%20T-Beam%20Enclosure%201>" %}


# Rocketry Systems


# Model Rocket Landing Legs

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/WrCgBvL1J0s>" %}

K-9 Landing Leg system is an open-source landing leg system designed to soften impact at the landing and keep your vehicle upright. I have gotten numerous requests for these files, and after a lot of testing and redesign, it is finally out! The system is capable of withstanding impacts from 1-2 meters. Our tested data showed the legs surviving an impact up to a maximum AGL height of 25 feet or 7.6 meters. It deploys by any band around the leg being cut with nichrome wire. The deployment is controlled by the pyro output of your rocket's flight computer.

## Stats

**Status:** Archived

**Dev Time Period:** Dec 2019 - Jun 2019

**Type:** Model Rocket Landing Legs

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** K-9 TVC V8

**Weight:** 155 grams

**Dimensions:** 385 x 385 x 100 mm

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/model/164898-k-9-model-rocket-landing-leg-system-v6>" %}


# WOOF Launch Computer

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhmFurbW0P4>" %}

WOOF is an open-source Arduino Uno shield designed to control your model rocket launchpad. A buzzer and super bright RGB led to give you both auditory and visual warnings, 8 servo launch clamp outputs, 6 individual servo outputs, and 2 mosfet igniter outputs! The system uses common components to keep the cost down and maintain a simple beginner friendly ecosystem.&#x20;

## Stats

**Status:** Archived

**Dev Time Period:** Dec 2019 - March 2020

**Type:** Model Rocket Launchpad Computer

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** K-9 TVC V8

**Weight:** NA (Depends on setup)

**Dimensions:** 54 x 69 x 25 mm

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://hackaday.io/project/170367-woof-model-rocket-launchpad-computer-v4>" %}


# Assembly Instructions

## Instructional Video

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/z30E2lIfa5Q>" %}

## Parts

| Parts                                            | Quantity |                                                                                                  |
| ------------------------------------------------ | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| WOOF PCB                                         | 1x       | (Gerber File Below)                                                                              |
| 100 Ohm Resistor                                 | 7x       |                                                                                                  |
| MHP5050RGBDT (SMD RGB LED)                       | 1x       | <https://www.lcsc.com/product-detail/Light-Emitting-Diodes-LED_MEIHUA-MHP5050RGBDT_C409780.html> |
| DB125-3.81-2P-BK-S (Through Hole Terminal Block) | 6x       | <https://www.lcsc.com/product-detail/Screw-terminal_DIBO-DB125-3-81-2P-BK-S_C430618.html>        |
| TMB12A05 (5 Volt Buzzer)                         | 1x       | <https://www.lcsc.com/product-detail/Buzzers_YUEXIN-TMB12A05_C781860.html>                       |
| IRF 530 Mosfet                                   | 2x       | <https://www.lcsc.com/product-detail/MOSFETs_Infineon-Technologies-IRF530NPBF_C2565.html>        |
| Header Pins                                      | 4x       |                                                                                                  |

## Gerber Files

{% file src="/files/oBqKOhYv3E7WvltWnk4C" %}

## Launchpad Schematic

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FGEYq1k5ArOG1i9MJdpCX%2F7391061644454798543.png?alt=media&amp;token=499faf76-e547-4d9f-bea0-8d89fb4216fc" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

{% hint style="info" %}
WOOF is designed to operate a programmed loop. The loop is only initiated by shorting the switch terminals with a switch or relay module. This is to ensure maximum saftey!
{% endhint %}


# K-9 TVC V8

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/md_iz1bsaz8>" %}

The K-9 TVC V8 is our legacy 3D printable model rocket thrust vector control gimbal. It uses two 9-gram servos to allow a 29mm or 27mm black powder model rocket motor to be precisely vectored.&#x20;

## Stats

**Status:** Archived

**Dev Time Period:** Dec 2018- Aug 2019

**Type:** Model Rocket Thrust Vector Control Gimbal

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** K-9 TVC Gen 2, K-9 TVC Hopper

**Weight:** 86 grams

**Dimensions:** 78 x 78 x 110 mm

## Links & Files

Hackaday Overview:&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://hackaday.io/project/169698-k-9-rocket-thrust-vector-control-gimbal>" %}

3D Files:

{% embed url="<https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3657663>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/model/435267-prusa-sl1s-tank-drainer>" %}

## Wiki CAD File Archive

{% file src="/files/DDSxJwqJut7DTCVIiL63" %}


# K-9 TVC Hopper

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/S7yW75RWK4c>" %}

K-9 TVC Hopper is our experimental modular TVC control system testbed vehicle. The hopper's highly modular design allows it to adopt many different control and propulsion systems without a large number of modifications. This platform was highly instrumental in rapidly advancing both our model rocket and drone hardware development.&#x20;

## Testflight

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2Fp719vzq8rZiMEtjZKktn%2Fimage_2023-03-30_011706967.png?alt=media&amp;token=1f4ddfbf-d21d-4c93-806f-5e442069bd88" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Stats

**Status:** Experimental/Dormant

**Dev Time Period:** Jun 2019 - Oct 2019

**Type:** Model Rocket control system testbed platform

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** K-9 TVC V8

**Weight:** 260 grams

**Dimensions:** 250 x 250 x 300 mm

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/model/164897-k-9-tvc-hopper-test-vehicle-flying-rocket-hardware>" %}


# K-9 TVC Mega

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/jlJ6LVU3xm8>" %}

K-9 TVC Gimbal MEGA was an experimental project to try and develop a possible TVC solution for much larger model rocket motors. Overall the project scope was more of a conceptual prototype to explore the possibilities of large-form TVC gimbal systems. We hope to revisit this project sometime in the future.&#x20;

## Stats

**Status:** Experimental/Dormant

**Dev Time Period:** Dec 2019 - Jan 2020

**Type:** Model Rocket Thrust Vector Control Gimbal

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** K-9 TVC Gen 2

**Weight:** 264 grams

**Dimensions:** 95 x 95 x 160 mm

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4109655>" %}

## Wiki CAD File Archive

{% file src="/files/CFmvrT4zk2GZvLASfqEN" %}


# K-9 TVC Gen 2

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/UchTOytWko0>" %}

K-9 TVC Gen 2 is the next generation of our TVC gimbal development employing a radically new approach. Generation 2 employed the "half mount" design, which allows the user to very easily align the mount perfectly centered without the need for jigs or complex tooling. It also allowed for a full carbon fiber reinforced version, the first TVC gimbal to be fabricated in this method for its kind.&#x20;

## Stats

**Status:** Dormant

**Dev Time Period:** Dec 2019 - Sep 2020

**Type:** Model Rocket Thrust Vector Control Gimbal

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** K-9 TVC V8

**Weight:** 68 grams

**Dimensions:** 78 x 78 x 60 mm

## Links & Files

{% embed url="<https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4593287>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.printables.com/model/164893-k-9-tvc-gimbal-gen-2>" %}

## Wiki CAD File Archive

{% file src="/files/FwH9MAp1ua5nsOSObyfK" %}


# Model Rocket GCS

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/zmfhVE--Ue4>" %}

The Model Rocket GCS is a mobile, man-portable, self-contained, launch controller for transmitting launch commands, receiving telemetry, firing pyros channels, and initiating up to 6 auto sequences.

## Stats

**Status:** Archived/Experimental

**Dev Time Period:** April 2020 - Jan 2021

**Type:** Model Rocket Ground Control Station

**Architecture:** K-9 Rocket Ecosystem

**Associated Project(s):** WOOF Launch Computer

**Weight:** NA&#x20;

**Dimensions:** NA


# Lab Dashboard (ADSB)

Convert s old PC and Monitor to a permanent dashboard

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FZjG3tVIfyOBchkAKDFtg%2F20230606_184117%5B1%5D.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=50d870f2-c322-4e38-8bb1-6783de4a5f1e" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F5aUcNwGk09yInhl8lhtB%2F20230607_171848%5B1%5D.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=705d34a2-ac13-4f9e-90dd-64780ac339a3" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Old PC workstations and monitors can be turned into permanent dashboards for your labs. The dashboard can display various information such as notifications, various smart device statuses, camera feeds, etc. In our case, we turned our dashboard into an ADSB monitor for live updates on aviation happening around us. This is overall great use of both old computers that are too slow to be useful for anything and older monitors that may not have much use.&#x20;


# How to Setup

## Choosing your operating system: Android x86&#x20;

{% hint style="danger" %}
Make sure you **back up any important data** from your PC before attempting to flash a new OS! The flashing process may likely lead to **a complete loss of all data** on the PC.
{% endhint %}

The key to setting up a dashboard on an old PC is to use a lightweight operating system. In our case, we tested Debian Linux which struggled to run even the basic ADSB application on a browser. The choice was made to flash Android x86 and run the much lighter ADSB Android app from Radarbox. The choice of the operating system will vary by what information you are looking for, so make sure to do your research and select the appropriate options.&#x20;

### &#x20;Android x86 Links

{% embed url="<https://youtu.be/UgKFBgcyyAo>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.android-x86.org>" %}

## Dashboard Application: Android App

What application to run a dashboard would vary on what information you want. Linux applications will likely require 3rd part dashboard options. Android is very convenient for this since the options to have home screen widgets can in themselves act as a simple dashboard for email notifications, weather updates, and the status of smart home devices. In our case for an ADSB dashboard, we chose the ADSB app Radarbox since we have a business account with them. From our testing, ADSB Android apps ran much better on old machines compared to the browser version of the application hence our choice of Android x86 as our lightweight OS.&#x20;

### ADSB Apps:

{% embed url="<https://www.radarbox.com>" %}

{% embed url="<https://www.flightradar24.com>" %}

## Keeping the screen on

Android x86 did not allow the screen timeout to be disabled. Conveniently there are many free Android apps that will enable the screen to be left on indefinitely. In the case of Linux or other lightweight OS, we found that the option to keep the screen on all the time was easily accessible from the settings. In some Linux-based operating systems that lack this feature, a short online search will reveal simple scripts more advanced users can run for their respective OS.

## Hardware Setup

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2FvHuFvZQap4wsP0vHloIM%2F20230607_172233%5B1%5D.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=a465aa84-f7c2-4fd2-8d49-79ed01526784" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="https://2782680856-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FG026OYCX48grrACKRfQG%2Fuploads%2F4ub8hOundpb2LlOP78Ff%2F20230607_172213%5B1%5D.jpg?alt=media&amp;token=1a1c3024-12e9-48c8-b874-5f26b3bc796f" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

The hardware setup is very straightforward. Place the PC in the location you would like, and mount the monitor. Then, simply have power to the PC and monitor. After setting up the screen in the way you like, you can simply unplug the mouse and keyboard peripherals. If you would like the access the screen once in a while, it may be convenient to invest in a cheap Bluetooth-based keyboard touchpad combo.&#x20;